西方旅游人类学中的"舞台真实"理论

我们在强调旅游开发时,最爱说的一句话就是要"原汁原味"。但事实上任何一个旅游地都不可能把自己的原生文化"和盘托出"。"舞台真实"来源于现实生活,但并不等于原生文化本身,它通过艺术的加工提炼使原生文化显得更加真实。"舞台真实"的象征意义还体现在通过这样的形式,传统文化得以保护。通过合理的设计和复制,其"真实性"获得了"可持续性的发展"。     

Authorship,Authenticity, and Intellectual Property in Australian Aboriginal Art

This article analyzes research and legal cases about authorship, authenticity, and intellectual property in Aboriginal art. The concepts of Aboriginality, authenticity, and ownership are used to show the complexities of Aboriginal law, legal copyright, and the moral rights framework. The clan ownership of Dreaming makes Aboriginal artists' relationship different to other artists' individual ownership of their work. Research on this topic by members of the Faculty of Business and Law unit of the Centre for Leisure Management Research at Deakin University was undertaken for the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies. This article provides significant contextual analyses of major issues leading to Commonwealth Government inquiries and legislation in Australia during 2006-8.     

Intervention Theatre: performance,authenticity and expert knowledge in politicians’ travel to post-/conflict spaces

ABSTRACT

This article explores the role of official travel activities by politicians to post-/conflict spaces in German foreign policymaking. Starting from the observation that official travel justifications stress the value of authentic insights and unfiltered information, while journeys in practice are meticulously planned and staged, it asks what kind of knowing is possible, how actors make sense of the staged nature of field trips, and how multiple performances create and/or undermine notions of authenticity and first-hand expertise. The article shows that official on-site visits are composed of multiple conscious performances by all actors involved, but that these performances do not undermine the notions of authenticity and expertise. On the contrary, knowledge authenticity—or truth claims on the basis of authentic insights—and related expert authority are produced through travel-as-performance. The emphasis policymakers put on on-site presence and (the performance of) localized knowledge contradicts intervention literature’s generalized finding of a prioritization of technocratic over localized knowledge. The article draws on politics and performance scholarship and authenticity theories in tourism studies to make sense of a wealth of empirical material on the claims, practice and functions of German MPs’ journeys to post-/conflict spaces as part of broader political struggles over policy knowledge.     

Telling the stories of others: claims of authenticity in human rights reporting and comics journalism

ABSTRACT

There are various intermediaries bearing witness to distant conflicts and atrocities. They travel to distant parts of the world to collect different kinds of evidence and stories, motivated by the assumption that knowledge can evoke change. This article asks how authenticity is claimed in this context of humanitarian witnessing. It focuses on two, at first sight quite different, practices of representation: NGO human rights reporting and comics journalism, also known as graphic reporting. It argues that representations of first-hand access to sites and people involved in abuses, or of ‘having been there’, figure centrally in establishing authenticity and thereby truth. The article discusses two techniques through which first-hand truth claims are performed: representations of field research methodologies, and personifications of truth in the figure of the witness. The intermediaries chosen for an in-depth study are the human rights NGO Human Rights Watch and the US comics journalist Joe Sacco.     

Gettin’ Down Home With the Neelys: gastro-porn and televisual performances of gender,race, and sexuality

This article illuminates how performances of gender, race, and sexuality are integrated with representations of food and food performance in contemporary American cooking television. Interrogating the intersections of food, gender, race, sexuality, and performance, this essay explores how the cable-television show, Down Home with the Neelys, depicts a nouveau gastro-porn anchored in the perceived pornographic level of blackness itself. The author reveals the ways that food and performances of food become a medium of gendering and racialization employed by American popular media. Through the lens of reality television, shows like Down Home (re)produce a certain type of black heterosexuality and gendered enactments of domesticity and space, while challenging dominant televisual reflections of black love and labor. The author argues that the Neelys self-consciously employ a vernacular aesthetic performative of “down home” (a uniquely classed, temporally–spatially situated, and sexualized blackness) to exploit the phenomenon of gastro-porn in a highly lucrative performance that signals the entangled artifice of gender, race, and sexuality. More than offering culinary expertise and education, such cooking instruction reveals the pedagogy of gender, race, and sexuality as visual lessons of a complex and contradictory authenticity. This essay reveals television cooking shows as critical sites for considering the domestic laboring of gendered and racialized sexualities. In particular, shows like Down Home evince the ways that race continues to be rendered in visual terms and the enduring edibility of blackness.     

Evaluation of Suspected Counterfeit Pharmaceutical Tablets Declared to Contain Controlled Substances Using Handheld Raman Spectrometers

This study describes the performance of handheld Raman devices for determining whether suspect pharmaceutical tablets declared to contain controlled substances were consistent with authentic (CWA) or not consistent with authentic (NCWA) tablets using a simple, rapid, field-friendly method capable of being used by nonexperts. Twenty-five authentic products and 84 known NCWA tablets were examined using three “parent” devices for a total of 327 analyses. On average, the parent devices yielded a true pass rate of 100%, a true fail rate of 98.4%, a false pass rate of 1.6%, and a false fail rate of 0%. The methods/libraries were then transferred to 13 identical “daughter” devices, which were used to examine 10 suspect finished dosage forms in duplicate (six known NCWA tablets and four authentic tablets) for a total of 260 measurements. On average, the daughter devices had a true pass rate of 100%, a true fail rate of 95.5%, a false pass rate of 4.5%, and a false fail rate of 0.0%. These data demonstrate that the parent–daughter electronic transfer method was successful, which permits the ability to develop methods in the laboratory that can be seamlessly pushed out to field devices. The methods can then be used to (i) prioritize samples for additional testing using other more time-consuming laboratory-based techniques needed to detect and quantify active ingredients and (ii) help support the interdiction of dangerous tablets at ports of entry, thereby preventing them from reaching the supply chain.     

论私文书证明力的推定规则

私文书形式证明力的有无可以从书证的名义人真实、形式真实两个层面来判断，名义人真实可以从名义人的签章真实来推定，形式真实可以通过名义入真实来推定。在确定实质证明力方面，司法推定具有一定作用。举证人对私文书的真实负证明责任，适用推定规则时，当事人对基础事实和推定事实的证明主题和证明标准均有所区别。     

真实关联度、证据间性与意指定律——谈证据符号学的三个基本概念

真实关联度指符号反映内容的真确性程度;证据间性指不同证据符号之间相互关联、相互补足的关系;意指定律指符号的意指关系决定了结构关系。这三个术语旨在说明证据符号学的基本理论原则:证据处在一个符号关系场内,由意指关系(真实关联度)和结构关系(证据间性)构成,意指定律就是支配该符号关系场的基本规则。这个证据符号关系场与事实真相交织而构成了一个神秘的意义世界,科学研究的全部任务在于承认并接受这种神秘性的同时,力图澄清它。     

优势证据在行政诉讼中的构成及适用——以廖宗荣案为分析对象

《最高人民法院公报》2007年第1期刊载的“廖宗荣诉重庆市公安局交通管理局第二支队道路交通管理行政处罚决定案”运用的“优势证据”标准引起了学界的广泛关注。本文尝试以这一案例为分析样本，通过对判决主文的剖析，希冀从中提炼出“优势证据”的若干构成要件；并通过对相关案例的对比，以期发现优势证据在行政诉讼语境中的适用前提。分析显示，公报案例中的“优势证据”暗含了三个构成要件，分别为身份要件、真实要件、关系要件；而数个案例的对比分析揭示，公报案例中的“优势证据”只适用于一对一证据的情境。