"政治与行政二分法"研究综述

"政治与行政二分法"从提出至今已有120多年的历史.随着社会的发展,虽然其遭到来自于凯恩斯主义、公共政策科学、新公共行政和新公共管理的批判和质疑,但其仍具有一定的理论价值和实践指导意义.本文从背景分析、内容陈述、批评回应和价值方面,对学界关于"政治与行政二分法"的研究进行了系统的梳理和研析.     

威尔逊的规制政治理论述评

20世纪80年代,美国学者詹姆斯.威尔逊对经济学界的规制理论,尤其是对规制俘虏理论的普适性提出了质疑。为了弥补经济理论的不足,威尔逊以规制成本与收益的分布为主要依据,将规制政治分为四种类型,并提出了影响规制过程的内外变量。威尔逊认为,在规制研究中经济利益和理念都是不可或缺的变量,因为它们都会直接影响规制政策的形成。威尔逊的规制政治理论为解释多种规制政策的形成提供了有效的分析工具,但其理论中的制度制约等部分内容有待进一步补充和完善。     

威尔逊的行政监督思想及其现代启示2)Wilson’sA

介绍了威尔逊的行政监督思想。威尔逊行政监督思想是通过他对公共舆论与行政管理之间的关系所进行的分析而得到阐释的。公共舆论在行政管理中所起的作用倍受威尔逊“推崇”,但他同时也注意到了公共舆论的一些不足之处。从不同视角切入来解读威尔逊行政监督思想的关键词——公共舆论,最后分析和阐述了威氏行政监督思想与现代行政理念的契合点。     

竞争与妥协:巴黎和会上的美英关系

英美在根据第一次世界大战结局安排战后国际格局的巴黎和会上既有竞争又有妥协。出于各自的外交目标,英国关注殖民地与海上霸权问题,而美国则将建立一个由美国起主导作用的国际联盟作为主要目标。鉴于双方的实力对比及国际关系的背景,英美都做出了让步。最终的结果既反映了新国际秩序中大国操纵的特征也反映了两国外交的局限性。     

Essence of Negotiation: Understanding Appeasement and “The Great Munich Stereotype”

The relative merits of rational choice and behavioral approaches to the study of negotiation continue to be hotly debated. This article tests qualitative postdictions (assertions or deductions about something in the past) from these paradigms as well as the alternative approach of new institutional theory against the extensive record of negotiation process, contractual form, and contract implementation from the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. I find the incomplete relational form of the peace treaty to be consistent with the behavioral and new institutional concepts and find that only behavioral theory can explain how unilateral German moves unraveled the treaty during the 1930s. But the historical record further reveals that the close fit between the behavioral paradigm and these events is more than coincidence. I also discuss the role of conference participants, particularly John Maynard Keynes and Walter Lippmann, in establishing the basis for modern behavioral science. The behavioral paradigm emerged from efforts to understand and fix serious policy mistakes such as those made in the peace negotiations. The study of human error was intended to serve as the basis for broad‐based organizational solutions. Finally, I discuss the impact of “the Munich stereotype” on such recent events as the planning for the American invasion and reconstruction of Iraq; such examples suggest continued imperfections in the system of organized intelligence that has actually evolved in the United States.     

Good Administration: Why We Need It More Than Ever

This article relates the concept of 'good administration' to a range of key constitutional issues, including The Governance of Britain , the debate about a British Bill of Rights, the creation of the Administrative Justice and Tribunals Council, and the Law Commission's consultation on public law remedy. It argues that 'good administration', far from being remote from these issues, is a critical component of much that we value most in public life. By drawing upon, for example, the Parliamentary Ombudsman's publication of Principles of Good Administration and the Court of Appeal judgment in a case concerning the Ombudsman's report on occupational pensions, the article suggests that the principles of deliberative democracy, human rights and restorative justice combine to make the Parliamentary Ombudsman an effective instrument for 'humanising the bureaucracy', as first envisaged when the Office was created by the Wilson government in 1967.     

列宁与威尔逊民族自决思想差异之研究——从国际关系理论出发

民族自决思想历经多年理论和实践的发展,业已被国际社会认可,成为国际法的基本原则之一。然而,民族自决思想真正发挥意义深远的国际政治影响,可以说始于民族自决权的杰出倡导者——列宁和威尔逊。从国际关系理论视角来看,列宁和威尔逊关于民族自决思想之差异主要体现在国际关系思想传统、历史使命、实现方式、产生的国际政治影响以及适用范围五大方面。正确辨析和理解民族自决思想,对我国这一多民族国家来说,具有相当重要的现实价值和意义。     

简论威尔逊的规制政治理论

威尔逊以规制成本与收益的分布为主要依据,将规制政治分为四种类型。他认为,在规制研究中经济利益和理念都是不可或缺的变量,因为它们都会直接影响规制政策的形成。威尔逊的规制政治理论为解释多种规制政策的形成提供了有效的分析工具,但理论中的制度制约等部分内容有待进一步补充和完善。     

威尔逊行政集权思想的合理解读——兼与杨雅夏女士商榷

威尔逊行政集权思想的产生具有深刻的时代背景,与政治权力结构、舆论监督体系有着极其密切的关系,不能割裂它们之间的关系片面地理解行政集权,否则可能导致误读。