新修辞学理论的基本立场——以佩雷尔曼的“普泛听众”概念为中心

佩雷尔曼的新修辞学理论对法律论证理论的发展影响深远。其核心概念，即作为言说者之主观思维构造的“普泛听众”，具有一种固有而不可化解的内在紧张关系。因为它所指涉的理性概念取决于言说者所内化了的社会、语言和文化视角下的世界观要素以及所涉及的生活领域内的特殊知识兴趣。一方面，“普泛听众”的概念暗含了法律论证的不确定性和开放性，因此位于各种版本的明证和非理性立场之间；另一方面。它坚持的是一种实用主义导向的真理共识论。     

The Struggle For Baltic History

Low levels of social protection under the framework of neo-liberal ideology have characterized Baltic welfare regimes since the 1991 restoration of independence in these countries. The policies’ negative social consequences intensified during the years of austerity, 2007–2009. Although there have been trade union protests against the measures, these have been powerless and scattered. About 10% of the Latvian and Lithuanian workforce fled the country during the first decade of the 2000s, whereas an even greater proportion of the Estonian workforce has temporarily done so. In Albert O. Hirschman’s terms, “exit” occurs in the absence of “voice”. Moreover, disillusionment caused by deteriorating conditions and limited political choices generate a particular type of loyalty without a sense of influence.