Suicide squad: Boko Haram’s use of the female suicide bomber

Boko Haram first began using the tactic of suicide bombings in 2011 and in 2014 started using female suicide bombers. This research focuses on gender differences in the use of suicide bombers. The data were collected using open sources from June 16, 2011 to June 15, 2018. Using this longitudinal data, trends are described over that 7-year period, focusing on the use of females. A majority of the suicide bombings target civilians in Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad, and Niger. More than half of the bombers were women and girls, some as young as 7?years old, and there were more than 60 incidents where the bomber was below the age of 15. More female bombers were used to targets civilians, whereas men were used more often to target government, police, and military targets. Female suicide bombers were used in Cameroon, whereas males were used more often in Nigeria. Additionally, females used suicide belts or vests, whereas men carried out the overwhelming majority of vehicle-borne suicide bombings. In many cases, the use of the women as bombers involved coercion. The unprecedented use of female suicide bombers, particularly young girls, should be a focus of policy moving forward.     

大学生自杀原因的社会学思考

大学生自杀行为的发生 ,是多种因素共同作用的结果。既有具体的生活事件作为导火索 ,又有个人心理原因 ,但其根源在于社会势力。影响大学生自杀行为发生的社会因素主要有社会转型、家庭环境、生活环境的变迁、社会隔离、社会感应 (模仿 )和文化等。     

法轮功痴迷者自杀意念产生的诱因分析

法轮功痴迷者自杀意念的产生 ,有心理学、宗教社会学、哲学等不同层次的诱因。只有提高全民族的科学理性素质 ,才是破邪的根本 ,因此 ,应弘扬珍视每一个生命的价值理念。这也是一切文明不可动摇的根基。     

浅析青少年自杀心理因素及其危机干预

由于青少年自杀的比例呈不断上升趋势,有必要将"危机干预"的理念和机制引入我们的生活,在分析青少年自杀心理几大来源的基础上,提出对青少年进行自杀的危机干预的对策,即建立自杀危机干预中心,为有自杀倾向的人提前提供有效的心理治疗,建立个人的社会支持系统,呼唤更多的人文支持和关爱,提高青少年的心理素质,增强珍爱生命意识.     

Doing Nothing is Sometimes Worse: Comparing Avoidant versus Approach Coping Strategies with Peer Victimization and Their Association to Depression and Suicide Ideation

ABSTRACT

Peer victimization is a major stressor adolescents often face in the school environment, and has been linked to depression and suicidal risk. This study analyzed the associations between three behavioral coping strategies (avoidance, seeking social support from adults/peers, and retaliation) and depression and suicidal ideation. Participants included 4,254 victimized students who were part of the Saving and Empowering Young Lives in Europe (SEYLE) study that compared three school-based prevention interventions and collected information on health risk behaviors in adolescents from 11 European countries. Results showed behavioral avoidance to be associated with an increase in levels of depression, as compared to the other coping strategies (adult social support, peer social support, retaliation). Seeking social support from adults was associated with lower depression and suicidal ideation rates. A more than 25% increase in suicidal ideation was associated with behavioral avoidance, compared to seeking social support from adults. By contrast, retaliation to peer victimization was not found to be associated with increased depression or suicidal ideation. The findings support the Coping Deficit model and may suggest that abstaining by doing nothing when victimized can be associated with certain adverse emotional outcomes.     

An analysis of self-reported suicide attempts and ideation in a national sample of incarcerated individuals convicted of sexual crimes

ABSTRACT

Suicide is the leading cause of preventable death in US jails and prisons, with rates three to nine times higher than those of the general population. Although suicide in correctional settings has been recognised as a serious problem, the research on suicide among incarcerated individuals remains limited. Individuals who have committed sexual offenses may be at an elevated risk for suicide. Specifically, they have been found to report high rates of hopelessness and depressive mood, and approximately 14% of individuals convicted of sexual offenses have reported a suicide attempt at some point in their lives. Most of these data are based upon official reports and may represent an underreporting of the true prevalence of the problem. The current study provides an analysis of the prevalence and factors associated with self-reported suicidal thoughts and behaviours in a large national sample of individuals convicted of a sexually based crime. Overall, 17.9% of the offenders reported an attempted suicide in their lifetime, 15.1% reported experiencing suicidal ideation but never made an attempt. Risk factors for suicide attempts and ideation for this population are reported. The findings are discussed in the context of suicide prevention and intervention efforts among those who have committed sex offenses.     

Divergent Paths to Martyrdom and Significance Among Suicide Attackers

This research used open source information to investigate the motivational backgrounds of 219 suicide attackers from various regions of the world. We inquired as to whether the attackers exhibited evidence for significance quest as a motive for their actions, and whether the eradication of significance loss and/or the aspiration for significance gain systematically differed according to attackers’ demographics. It was found that the specific nature of the significance quest motive varied in accordance with attackers’ gender, age, and education. Whereas Arab-Palestinians, males, younger attackers, and more educated attackers seem to have been motivated primarily by the possibility of significance gain, women, older attackers, those with little education, and those hailing from other regions seem to have been motivated primarily by the eradication of significance loss. Analyses also suggested that the stronger an attacker’s significance quest motive, the greater the effectiveness of their attack, as measured by the number of casualties. Methodological limitations of the present study were discussed, and the possible directions for further research were indicated.     

网络直播用工关系的劳动法思考

网络直播行业光鲜亮丽的背后是网络主播寻求劳动法保护基本劳动权益的征途。经纪公司进军网络直播行业的初心也在于该行业用工关系处在劳动法调整的灰色地带,用工成本低且获利大。现行劳动法单一调整模式日益暴露出诸如网络表演用工等非典型劳动关系规范漏洞,加上从属性标准抽象化在演绎推理式的裁判逻辑中拔高了劳动关系认定难度,法院更倾向于用合同法来解决网络直播用工纠纷。为保护网络主播等自治性劳动者的基本劳动权益,今后可以考虑两种立法体例,或是转变劳动法调整模式,采用三分结构增设类似劳动者制度,扩大调整对象,或是保持劳动法体系的稳定,专门制定下位法,规范网络直播用工关系。     

Pathways for Preparation: Locating Suicide Education in Preparing Professionals for Encounters with Suicidal Adolescents

Current suicide prevention strategies often include suicide education based on the premise that education can lead to recognition of those at risk of suicide and others who are prepared can respond and potentially save lives. As suicide is a leading cause of death for young people, it is relevant to explore how suicide education is made available to those who serve this population. In a comprehensive review of the existing literature, the presence of suicide content along the path through pre-service programs is examined. While education may be a central part of youth suicide prevention efforts, this review of the literature suggests the following needs: (a) a need for more overt inclusion of suicide content, (b) future examination of suicide content within pre-service programs not yet considered, and (c) appraisal and innovation in suicide pedagogical approaches to determine how preparedness may be enhanced and linked to subsequent practical action.     

狱内罪犯自杀防控

监管设施条件改善之后,狱内罪犯自杀就成了监狱工作的重大隐患及工作难点,并将长期存在,无法回避,仅2014年2月、3月和4月,就有某省先后有三个监狱在三个月内连续发生三名罪犯自杀死亡事件。研究探讨罪犯自杀的可能原因、罪犯自杀的一般特点和警讯征兆、防范自杀的困难困惑、防控自杀的主要策略,对基层民警防控罪犯自杀有重要的实战价值。