Forensic toxicological study on adipocere formation in submerged cadavers of female albino rats intoxicated with cadmium

There is a dearth of information on the mutual interaction between metal intoxication and adipocere formation. Herein, 40 adult female albino rats were distributed into two equal groups, one used as control while the other orally administered single dose of cadmium chloride (CdCl₂) 225 mg/kg·bw (LD_min). Control group was killed by cervical dislocation. Half of dead rats of both groups were subjected for determination of iodine value and estimation of cadmium (Cd) residues while the other half of both groups were submerged in opened glass container previously filled with 4 L dechlorinated tap water kept in closed room with an open air access (one cadaver/container). Gross morphological changes of submerged cadavers were recorded weekly along the experiment. At the end of the experiment, after 3 months, samples were collected again for iodine value determination and estimation of Cd residues. The obtained results revealed the depressant effect of Cd toxicity on development of adipocere. Cd residues were found in different tissues of cadavers at time of death with the highest amount in the intestines followed by the liver and kidneys, then lungs, adipose tissue, muscles, and finally the bones. After 3 months of water submersion, tissues exhibited significant decrease in the amount of Cd residues but to a limit that was still detected. This study concluded the possibility of detection of Cd residues even after adipocere formation. Additionally, it shed light on the possibility of the interference of environmental pollution with the natural rate of decomposition especially adipocere formation.     

醋酸镉对大鼠原代肝细胞氧化应激的影响

为研究镉对肝细胞的毒性,用两步灌流法获得大鼠肝细胞,并将其暴露于浓度为2.5、5.0、10.0μmol/L的醋酸镉中12 h,测定了细胞存活率,肝细胞乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)的释放,及细胞内谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、谷胱甘肽-S转移酶(GST)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性以及还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化.结果表明.细胞存活率显著下降(P<0.01);LDH、ALT和AST的释放量均增加,部分镉剂量组与对照组差异极显著(P<0.01);细胞内GSH含量下降,5.0和10.0 μmol/L剂量组与对照组差异均极显著(P<0.01),GSH-Px、SOD和CAT活性升高,部分剂量组与对照组差异极显著(P<0.01);MDA含量升高,10.0μmol/L剂量组与对照组差异显著(P<0.05);其余指标与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05).证实,醋酸镉可致肝细胞损伤,并且氧化应激起了重要作用.     

镉对大鼠肾皮质的氧化损伤及乙酰半胱氨酸的保护效应

通过饮水对大鼠进行了镉染毒(Cd 50 mg/L)和乙酰半胱氨酸(NAC)保护(Cd 50 mg/L+NAC1 g/L)试验,8周后检测肾皮质中抗氧化指标和微量元素含量变化,观察其超微结构,以探讨镉对肾的毒性损伤及NAC的保护效应。结果显示,与对照组相比,镉染毒组及NAC保护组肾皮质中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量显著或极显著(P<0.05或P<0.01)降低,丙二醛(MDA)含量显著或极显著(P<0.05或P<0.01)升高,肾皮质中的铜、硒、锌含量显著降低(P<0.05)。与染毒组比较,NAC保护组肾皮质SOD、GSH-Px活性和GSH含量显著升高(P<0.05);肾皮质铜、锌、硒含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。超微结构观察发现,镉染毒使肾皮质中的细胞核仁破碎溶解,线粒体肿胀变形,部分嵴断裂;NAC保护组病理变化不明显,表明NAC对镉暴露所致的肾毒性损伤具有一定的保护效应。     

姬松茸水溶性粗多糖对镉中毒小鼠血液指标的影响

为观察姬松茸水溶性粗多糖对镉中毒小鼠血液系统的影响,将60只SPF级雄性健康小白鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、试验组1、试验组2和试验组3共5组,模型组与3个试验组采用同一水平镉染毒,但同时对3个试验组给予不同剂量的姬松茸水溶性粗多糖溶液进行保护,试验日程为5周,试验结束时对各组小鼠采血,检测各项血液指标。结果显示,模型组小鼠的血液指标红细胞数(RBC)、血红蛋白浓度(HGB)、血细胞比容(HCT)、平均红细胞体积(MCV)、平均红细胞血红蛋白含量(MCH)、平均红细胞血色素浓度(MCHC)显著低于对照组的相应指标;与模型组相比,给予高剂量姬松茸水溶性粗多糖的试验组3的血液指标RBC、HGB、HCT、MCV、MCH、MCHC均显著提高,而白细胞数(WBC)、小型白细胞数(Lym)和中型白细胞数(Mid)则显著下降。证实,重金属镉能够损伤小鼠的血液系统,但高剂量姬松茸水溶性粗多糖对镉的损伤具有防止作用。     

镉对小鼠生精细胞凋亡及bax和bcl-2基因表达的影响

将150只小鼠随机分成4个处理组和1个对照组,每组30只。给4个处理组小鼠分别一次性注射氯化镉1、2、4、6 mg/kg(按体重给药),对照组小鼠注射等体积的生理盐水。于注射后第3、6和9 d用原位末端标记法(TUNEL)测定睾丸内生精细胞的凋亡率,并用免疫组织化学方法检测bax和bcl-2基因的表达水平。结果显示,各染毒组小鼠的生精细胞凋亡率明显升高,与对照组相比差异显著(P<0.05),并具有剂量-反应关系和时间-反应关系。bax基因的表达水平明显上升,而bcl-2基因的表达水平明显下降。表明,镉可以诱导小鼠生精细胞凋亡,其机制可能与bax基因上调和bcl-2基因下调有关。     

镉暴露对鸡血管金属硫蛋白的影响

采用RT-PCR技术检测了镉暴露的未性成熟母鸡的主动脉和前腔静脉组织的金属硫蛋白mRNA(MT mRNA),采用原子吸收分光光度法测定了MT与镉的含量.结果表明,与对照组比较,血管镉含量随着镉剂量的加大,时间的延长而增加;低剂量组主动脉、前腔静脉MT mRNA极显著表达并随时间的延长而增加,高剂量组主动脉MT mRNA表达量下降、前腔静脉升高;镉低剂量暴露组血管MT含量明显增加,而高剂量组则呈降低的趋势.证实,镉对MT的诱导表达不仅具有时间依赖性,而且具有组织、剂量依赖性.     

水溶性碲化镉量子点溶液显现血潜指纹

目的建立巯基丁二酸修饰的水溶性碲化镉量子点溶液（MSA/CdTe QDs）显现多种客体表面的血潜指纹的方法。方法利用量子点对人体血液成分的特异性标识作用,365nm紫外光激发使其荧光显像。结果 MSA/CdTe溶液显现时间显著短于文献报导的同类方法;显现效果和灵敏度优于显现血潜指纹常用试剂四甲基联苯胺和氨基黑10B。结论水溶性MSA/CdTe溶液适于显现多种客体表面的血潜指纹,效果优异。     

亚慢性镉中毒致鸡肝细胞凋亡及硒拮抗效果的研究

以90 只100 日龄依沙褐公鸡为试验动物,在日粮中添加一定浓度的镉及硒镉,复制了鸡的亚慢性镉中毒及硒拮抗模型,通过显微结构和超微结构观察,探讨镉对动物肝的毒性作用机理及硒对其毒性作用的拮抗效应。结果显示,亚慢性镉中毒可引起鸡肝组织细胞凋亡,加硒后可有效减少肝细胞凋亡数量及损伤程度。     

Dual fingerprint reagents with enhanced sensitivity: 5-methoxy- and 5-methylthioninhydrin

"Dual fingerprint reagents" are chemical formulations which produce with latent fingerprints in a single step, impressions that are both colored and fluorescent. Pre-mixed solutions of the two commercially available ninhydrin analogues, 5-methoxyninhydrin (MN) and 5-methylthioninhydrin (MTN) with zinc or cadmium salts, are true dual reagents. They are much more sensitive than the parent dual reagent, ninhydrin/ZnCl(2). The main advantage of the new formulations is that they can be used at room temperature, with no need to cool the sample to liquid nitrogen temperature. At 0.05% concentration, which is 10-fold lower than the common ninhydrin working solution, MTN/ZnCl(2) is as sensitive as DFO in the fluorescence mode and considerably more sensitive in the color mode. MTN is also slightly cheaper than DFO.     

Fingerprint reagents with dual action: color and fluorescence

We define "dual fingerprint reagents" as chemical formulations that produce with latent fingerprints in one stage impressions that are both colored and fluorescent. Solutions containing ninhydrin and group IIb metal salts appear to be true dual reagents. Application of these formulations to latent fingerprints on paper is as efficient as the two-step process beginning with ninhydrin and followed by treatment with metal salt. In the color mode, fingerprint detectability with the two ninhydrin-metal salt reagents (one with zinc chloride and the other with cadmium chloride) is comparable with that of ninhydrin itself, in spite of the difference in color. The sensitivity is significantly higher in the fluorescence mode. To view the latent impressions the exhibits are treated with ninhydrin-metal salt reagents and observed under white light illumination and under fluorescence conditions. Cooling to liquid nitrogen temperature enhances the fluorescence considerably. In the shorter wavelength domain, ninhydrin-metal salt reagents exhibit higher sensitivity than the recently reported dual reagent, genipin. The latter is advantageous, however, in the longer wavelength domain, on paper items with strong self-fluorescence, such as brown wrapping paper or paper printed with fluorescent ink. Upon reduction of the ninhydrin concentration 10-fold, ninhydrin-metal salt formulations become purely fluorogenic reagents; no color is noticed but the fluorescence is as intense as with concentrated solutions. Working at lower concentrations is an advantage from ecological and economical viewpoints.