政策性农业保险立法模式与立法框架研究

我国疆域辽阔,自然条件千差万别,各地经济发展程度不一,因此,农业保险立法模式切忌单一,应实行政府扶持下的国有化与商业化相结合的模式,由国有化公司经营,商业保险公司在一定范围内介入,国家提供财收支持,取国有化与商业化之长。在该模式下,鉴于各试点经过长期探索,形成各具特色的制度规定,所以立法框架的选择宜粗不宜细,只涉及原则性的规定即可,以便给各地留下自由裁量的余地。     

中国律师的职业定位

律师职业是现代法治的必备元素,独立而完善的律师阶层以保障民权、制衡公权为己任。职业化使得中国律师走向独立,这同时又是去行政化的过程。商业化因素在这一过程中起着不容忽视的正面和负面作用,应当施以公允的评价并进行一定的控制。在忠诚的前提下,律师对于委托人亦应当保持必要的独立。考量中国司法制度运行的现状,律师如何保持同公、检、法三机关的独立是一个亟待解决的问题。     

Effects on academia-industry collaboration of extending university property rights

Several recent studies show European university scientists contributing far more frequently to company-owned patented inventions than they do to patents owned by universities or by the academic scientists themselves. Recognising the significance of this channel for direct commercialisation of European academic research makes it important to understand its response to current Bayh-Dole inspired reforms of university patenting rights. This paper studies the contribution from university scientists to inventions patented by dedicated biotech firms (DBFs) specialised in drug discovery in Denmark and Sweden, which in this respect share a number of structural and historic characteristics. It examines effects of the Danish Law on University Patenting (LUP) effective January 2000, which transferred to the employer university rights to patents on inventions made by Danish university scientists alone or as participants in collaborative research with industry. Sweden so far has left property rights with academic scientists, as they also were in Denmark prior to the reform. Consequently, comparison of Danish and Swedish research collaboration before and after LUP offers a quasi-controlled experiment, bringing out effects on joint research of university IPR reform. In original data on all 3,640 inventor contributions behind the 1,087 patents filed by Danish and Swedish DBFs 1990–2004, Difference-in-Difference regressions uncover notable LUP-induced effects in the form of significant reductions in contributions from Danish domestic academic inventors, combined with a simultaneous substitutive increase of non-Danish academic inventors. A moderate increase in academic inventions channelled into university owned-patents does appear after LUP. But the larger part of the inventive potential of academia, previously mobilised into company-owned patents, seems to have been rendered inactive as a result of the reform. As a likely explanation of these effects the paper suggests that exploratory research, the typical target of joint university-DBF projects in drug discovery, fits poorly into LUP’s requirement for ex ante allocation of IPR. The Pre-LUP convention of IPR allocated to the industrial partner in return for research funding and publication rights to the academic partner may have offered more effective contracting for this type of research. There are indications that LUP, outside the exploratory agenda of drug discovery, offers a more productive framework for inventions requiring less complicated and uncertain post-discovery R&D.

人格权法独立成编的体系效应之辨识

就终极意义而论,说人格权为宪法权利抑或民事权利均属不当。但自实证法而言,究竟是由宪法,还是由民法来规定人格权,这只是一个法律分工问题,并不涉及任何价值判断。只要我们继续采取立法导向的规范化思路,则人格权的民法化就是必要的。自然人对其人格要素享有支配权,并且在现代社会中,人格权的商业化倾向也使得人格权与自然人间发生了主动分离,这就说明人格权已经不能再寄居于自然人编了。从《侵权责任法》的定位和人格权的特征及其现实需求来看,人格权法也不宜为《侵权责任法》所涵盖。因此自体系而言,未来我国的民法典应当继承《民法通则》的传统,坚持人格权法独立成编的体例。     

社会不能承受之重的教育产业化

教育产业化可以优化教育资源的配置,解决学校资金短缺问题,有利于扩大内需。但是,造成了学生家庭沉重的经济压力,而且其横向依据不能成立,社会难以承受。     

大陆配偶在台湾的社会困境与人权宣导分析

探讨两岸通婚发展趋势,从社会学商品化婚姻的视角分析两岸通婚现象的形成因为与相关影响,从台湾地区近15年来大陆配偶人权宣导历程,检视大陆配偶组织化过程、台湾地区非营利社团组织的角色与功能,并对台湾"陆配"问题和政策走势作出预测.     

《民法典》人格标识“许可使用”的规范解释——以第993条适用范围为重点

《民法典》第993条未区分“商业目的”与“非商业目的”，因此不存在人格标识“二元制”保护模式的基础。该“许可”创设之权利并非“商品化权”，而是用益性债权。使用权人基于债之关系对人格标识具有“支配力”，并形成观念占有外形而受侵权法保护。第993条的主体，应扩张至“具有名称的团体”；“姓名、名称、肖像”应排除教名、重复姓名、与曾用名称重复但现已登记的名称及法人形象；“等”人格标识包括以音色为主要保护对象的“声音”和“个人信息”；第993条适用范围应进行限缩解释，以弥合“自己的”限制条件与社会现实之裂痕。我国语境下的“商品化权”，本质系《民法典》第993条、《著作权法》第24条及《商标法》第43条不同“许可”类型所创设的“权利束”，并受到《反不正当竞争法》第6条的兜底保护。     

动漫角色法律保护之探讨

动漫作品中的原创角色已成为最具商业利用价值的元素之一,其知识产权保护问题主要涉及版权和商标两个方面。将动漫角色作为独立的著作权保护需要满足一定的判断标准。商标法可以为角色提供交叉保护,具备显著性的角色形象元素都可以获准注册,且可以克服版权保护期限限制等的障碍。然而对知名角色形象的交叉保护带来了过度保护的弊端,因此在立法和司法实践中应合理界分作者、商标权人的权利和公有知识领域的关系,兼顾激励创新和促进角色利用两个目标的实现。     

传媒商业化语境下的影视文学对青少年道德建构的影响

传媒商业化语境下的影视文学,既拓展了青少年的知识面、开阔了其视野,又丰富了青少年的娱乐与消遣,使其生活变得前所未有的灿烂.但也带来了消极影响,造成青少年人文精神的丧失、价值观的消解、审美情趣的低俗等.从传媒商业化语境下的影视文化入手,分析影视文学带来的诸多负面效果,也对如何规避其负面影响提出对策、建议.     

募兵制演进历史述评

现代募兵制的形成必须具备三个条件（因素）：一是民族国家的确立;二是兵役商品化;三是公民兵役义务观的形成。考察募兵制的历史演进,就是要将募兵制作为一个历史范畴,以构成现代募兵制的上述三个条件为线索,探究它们在兵役活动中的形成、发展,以及它们是如何相互关联、共同作用,最终促成了完整意义上的现代募兵制。但是,受制于这些因素在新的历史条件下所面临的挑战与回应,募兵制有着其自身难以克服的局限性。