行政受益权研究

行政法上的受益权是指行政相对人依法通过行政主体的作为和不作为而获得各种权利和利益的权利。它是积极国家、给付行政模式下行政相对人的最重要的权利。受益权与传统生存权之间是交叉关系。受益权的外延极其宽泛,而这主要取决于受益权是一种融合的权利。以受益权作为行政给付的现代权利基础,有利于扩大受益对象和授受范围,拓宽国家与政府义务范围,拓展积极国家理念,并有利于给付行政模式的建构。     

Seeing the improvement of the criminal trial structure from China’s criminal courtroom arrangements (tribunal design)

The setting of criminal court has become an important representation of the criminal trial structure due to its visual and vivid reflection of the legal position and relations among the three parties of litigation, i.e. the prosecuting party, the advocating party and the judge. As a result of the influence of ancient “inquest” centered trial mode, lack of the defendant’s right to silence and incomplete revolution of the criminal trial mode, the existing criminal court setting features an umbrella shaped structure. To reform the criminal trial structure in China, we should eliminate the air of “inquest” from the existing court interrogation mode, strengthen the hearing of evidence and set up a equiangular triangle shaped trial structure of neutral trial, equality between the prosecuting and advocating parties and litigant oriented. __________ Translated from the Jurist Review, 2005, (2) (in Chinese)     

警察出庭作证:透析与前瞻

警察作为证人出庭作证在国外十分普遍,然而我国一直将警察排除在证人之外,警察出庭作证少之又少。我国警察应当出庭作证,但应限制在特定范围之内。在目前情况下,警察出庭作证还存在较大障碍,这恰恰是我国刑事司法改革之所在。     

RETHINKING JUVENILE STATUS OFFENSE LAWS: CONSIDERATIONS FOR CONGRESSIONAL REVIEW OF THE JUVENILE JUSTICE AND DELINQUENCY PREVENTION ACT

Families struggling with a breakdown in communication, trying to control the behavior of an unruly child, or experiencing a crisis often look for outside help. Many families, particularly those without resources to pay for private support, turn to their local status offense system. Status offenders are young people charged with behavior unique to their status as juveniles such as running away, truancy, or disobedience. In 2007, Congress will begin to consider reauthorization of the Juvenile Justice Delinquency Prevention Act (JJDPA), the federal act related to status‐offender policy. By providing an overview of recent state status‐offense legislation and case law, this article identifies issues to be addressed by Congress in reauthorizing the JJDPA.     

最高法院出版物:功能解读与成因分析

作为一种重要的治理方式和技术手段,最高法院的出版物通过承担一定的功能(直接功能和间接功能),对于最高法院审判职能以及其他延伸职能的实现发挥着重要的作用。从反馈的信息来看,最高法院出版物的积极效果较为明显。最高法院出版物的生成及其规模化运作,同中国特定的政治控制模式、法院管理体制和法院制度的转型有着密切的联系。当然,最高法院出版物的运作在一定程度上与审判独立原则存在矛盾和冲突。虽然如此,最高法院出版物仍将在今后一定时期内长期存在。     

USING EXTERNSHIPS TO INTRODUCE FAMILY LAW STUDENTS TO NEW PROFESSIONAL ROLES

Law schools are seeking ways to familiarize family law students with exciting new professional roles arising in connection with family court reform. This article describes the family law externship program at William Mitchell College of Law which includes a classroom component allowing students placed in different practice settings to compare and contrast their experiences. The program assists students in making career choices and enhances their ability to counsel future clients.     

日本最高法院的少数意见制

少数意见制主要是英美法系国家采行的一项裁判制度,日本战后受美国的影响,将少数意见制移入其大陆法系司法制度的母体之中.日本法院法规定,最高法院各法官必须在裁判书上表示自己的意见.关于最高法院少数意见表示制度,日本法律界曾经意见分歧很大,但经过近六十年运行,其长处充分显现,已获得定型化.少数意见制与整个司法制度是相符合的,将少数意见制引入我国将促进宪法的进一步贯彻实施,深化司法改革.考虑到目前在全国普遍实施的条件还不成熟,以及各级法院地位和作用的差异,在具体的操作步骤上,可从最高人民法院审判委员会开始实行.     

人民陪审制的价值及改革

人民陪审制是法治与民主的一个连结点,有助于司法程序和裁判结果的正当化,有助于公民对审判活动直接有效的监督,也是法治精神向社会渗透的有效途径。但是我国人民陪审制度的适用和发展欠缺一个平稳的社会环境,法律对人民陪审制度的规定缺乏连续性,法律对陪审员的职权设定同其专业素质要求存在内在矛盾,法律对人民陪审制度规定不完备,导致目前人民陪审制度在法律地位上的可有可无。应该完善人民陪审员的产生过程,优化陪审员的结构,增加参加合议庭的陪审员人数,加强人民陪审员的管理和培训,从而完善人民陪审制。     

俄罗斯联邦宪法司法制度的历史发展

在俄罗斯联邦的宪法司法制度中,拥有违宪审查权的机关是宪法法院.这一审查制度的确立与发展到目前为止经历了三个阶段,一是有呼声无制度阶段,主要是戈尔巴乔夫改革时期;二是宪法司法制度初步确立阶段,从苏联解体到1991年第一部俄罗斯联邦宪法法院法生效;三是宪法司法制度的完善阶段,从第一部宪法法院法到1994年第二部俄罗斯联邦宪法法院法的实践运行.这三个阶段在立法与实践两个层面反映了俄罗斯联邦宪法司法制度的不断发展与完善(现代化发展进程).     

Unclogging Courts by Targeting Litigant Incentives: The Case of the Brazilian Labour Justice Reform

Overburdened courts hinder economic and social progress, yet successful court reforms are rare. Instead of boosting judicial resources or adapting procedure, Brazil tackled persistent backlogs and delays in its labour courts by replacing the pre-existing each-pays-their-own-costs (American) rule for allocation of litigation expenses with an alternative loser-pays-all (English) rule. Using a newly assembled court-level panel dataset and difference-in-differences approach, we show that the reform alleviated the courts' demand pressures and, most importantly, increased court efficacy in both adjudication and enforcement. The Brazilian experience offers valuable policy lessons about viable court reforms for other jurisdictions.