从农民到公民——宪法与新农村建设的主体性视角

农村最为缺乏的东西是农民的主体性,因而主体性建设乃新农村建设的第一要务.这种主体性建设的过程,就是让农民转变为公民的过程,它的本质便是从身份到契约的运动.因为,"农民"不仅仅是一种职业,而且也是一种身份.作为一种职业的"农民"是可以通过社会分工改变的,但作为一种身份的"农民"却只能通过制度的变革才能摆脱.     

我国刑事赔偿制度之改革

参照联合国人权公约的有关规定 ,应对我国刑事赔偿制度进行如下改革 :错案赔偿不能以一审或二审是否判无罪为标准 ,而应当是在终审判决有罪以后发现新证据并经再审改判无罪的情况下对已经服刑的当事人赔偿 ;如果侦查、检察和审判人员合法执行公务 ,即使被告人最终被判无罪 ,也不应当赔偿被告人在诉讼期间因为被逮捕、拘留或其他执法行为所带来的损失 ;如果系非法拘禁 ,即使被告人被判有罪 ,也应当赔偿 ;应当将搜查、扣押财产列入刑事强制措施之中 ,以区别合法的搜查、扣押和非法侵犯财产权 ,并落实对侵犯财产权的赔偿。     

员工竞业禁止研究

员工竞业禁止之理伦基础是普通法上雇员之默示义务及现代产业扩张、产业竞争压力增大而形成的客观环境。员工在职竞业禁止在普通法系中表现为雇用期间之约定俗成,即雇主忠心事主是其义不容辞的默示义务;员工离职竞业禁止制度的设计,需权衡用人单位利益与劳动者就业权之间的冲突。     

我国民用航空非法干扰行为的立法完善

按照国际法和国内法的规定分析非法干扰行为,准确界定"非法干扰行为"的内涵和外延,是完善非法干扰行为立法的前提和基础。对非法干扰行为的内涵缺乏统一的认识、非法干扰行为多元立法以及国际法向国内法转化存在的问题等成为制约我国民用航空非法干扰行为立法完善的主要因素。完善我国民用航空非法干扰行为的立法,首先要明确非法干扰行为的法律内涵,其次要加强非法干扰行为系统化立法以及立法的现代化进程。     

China and the International Human Rights Covenants

ABSTRACT

In 1966 the UN passed two International Human Rights Covenants that are among the great achievements of humankind. The covenants were adopted in five equally binding languages, one of which was Chinese. The People's Republic of China (PRC) is generally assumed to have ratified one and signed (but not ratified) the other. In 1973, however, soon after the PRC began representing China in the UN, new Chinese-language versions of each mysteriously came into existence. These are the versions one is likely to find on the UN website, and they are what the Chinese government treats as the “covenants.” The authors of this article show that these contain substantial revisions from the covenants that had been passed by the UN 1966 and subsequently ratified by at least 164 countries. The revised versions are so different, in fact, that one could well question whether the PRC actually embraced either covenant. The covenants granted rights that the revisions would later withdraw, and in at least one case the revisions recognize a right that is absent in the covenants. Based on their comparative analysis of the various versions, the question arises as to whether China is a responsible actor in the international legal order and a reliable partner when it comes to entering into agreements with other countries or acceding to international treaties. Given that China comprises over one-fifth of humanity, it also brings into question whether the principles in the covenants can claim absolute validity and anything like universal acceptance.     

Uses Of Blood: Re-Reading Matt. 27:25

‘The entire people cry out, “His blood be on us and on our children.”’ Is this the epochal ‘no’ of Israel renouncing its birthright? The legal precedent is not in delict but in contract, in treaties and covenants in which an entire people bind themselves and their descendants, their entire nation, in perpetuity by an imprecatory curse-oath identifying themselves and their descendants with a blood sacrifice that seals the contract. Legally, treaties and covenants require contemporaneous ratification. The author of Matthew’s gospel obtains the acclamations of the other actors, Pilate, the soldiers, the chief priests, scribes and elders and from the sign atop the cross by the formulaic talisman, ‘King of the Jews’ or ‘Israel’s King’ that each recite. He obtains the crowd’s acclamation from Pilate using together the words ‘Christ’ (Messiah) and ‘blood’ and employing a Jewish hand washing ritual. The purpose of the hand washing ritual was to forgive Israel for the guilt of innocent blood. However, Pilate uses this ritual meant to forgive Israel for its extreme opposite perverse purpose to condemn Israel. But the crowd uses the words ‘blood on’ in a different sense that evades Pilate’s request. ‘Blood on’ in the sacrificial system meant acceptance of a sacrificial blood offering.     

《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》的保留和解释性声明

《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》没有明文规定保留问题 ,这意味着允许缔约国提出符合该公约的目的和宗旨的保留或解释性声明 ;对该公约的强制性条款的保留、模糊的或一般性的保留 ,往往被认为是不可接受的 ;对该公约的强制性条款不宜提出保留 ,但可以作出解释性声明 ;对该公约的非强制性条款可以提出保留也可作出解释性声明 ;各国的保留和解释性声明是从自己的国情出发的 ,表明了国际人权保护的特殊性。其他国家的保留或解释性声明以及反对意见 ,对我国提出保留或解释性声明、解释和适用该公约、完善我国的相关法律 ,都有重要借鉴意义。     

自然人缔约能力制度研究

自然人的缔约能力状态不仅影响了对其所缔结的合同效力的评判,也涉及到对相关合同主体权益的保护问题。我国现行法律有关自然人缔约能力的规定过于简单、抽象,借鉴有关先进立法例的做法,完善我国的自然人缔约能力制度,应是完善合同法的重要内容。     

Britain and its Armed Forces Today

As defence becomes a political football once again this article examines the relationship of the UK's military with the country from which it is drawn and which it serves. It argues that all three elements of the classic Clausewitzian trinity: the state, the people and the military, there are major problems. These are undermining the capabilities of the armed forces and will ultimately place far greater limitations on future government's use of the armed forces in support of British policies overseas. This will have significant implications for Britain in the future if it wishes to continue to "punch above its weight".