非对等咬合钳具形成痕迹特点的研究

根据大量的实验事实,通过材料的变形分析,对非对等咬合的钳类工具所形成的痕迹进行研究,阐述了不同坡面上的变形性质和痕迹特点,总结了痕迹与工具的对应关系,为工作实践指出了分析和检验鉴定的方法,同时对钳类工具痕迹的形成原理作出了补充和修正。     

车辆碰撞护栏事故车速分析的方法

车辆碰撞护栏是高速公路上常见的一类事故,主要有两种常用的车速分析方法,即法向弹性恢复系数法和切向摩擦系数法。但是由于高速公路上,车速较快,经常有车辆冲出道路,在此情况下,提出一种基于护栏变形能量的车速分析方法,用来计算车辆碰撞护栏时的最低速度,并通过实例进行了验证。     

木浪河拱坝加高培厚三维有限元分析

木浪河拱坝加高工程为拱坝加高培厚成折线型重力坝,坝体加高幅度大、结构受力复杂.采用有限元分析软件ADINA的非线性接触功能模拟新老坝体的接触关系,对新老坝体结构在各种工况下的应力变形状况进行仿真分析,计算结果表明：在正常蓄水位工况下,加高培厚后的坝体能够较好地整体工作,新老坝体接触面没有脱开,但有较大范围的粘结滑移;新老坝体位移等值线分布存在明显差异,在新坝体与老坝体坝顶附近接触的部位由于新坝体的向下滑移受到约束而产生竖直向拉应力.在正常蓄水位回降至死水位工况,原拱坝下游面与新坝体上游接触面存在大面积的脱开区,但脱开度基本在4mm以内,可通过加密锚筋减小脱开区;在该工况下,原拱坝坝顶上部的新坝体则因结合面的错动而出现顺河向的水平拉应力.     

Quantification of Perspective‐Induced Shape Change of Clavicles at Radiography and 3D Scanning to Assist Human Identification

Change in perspective between antemortem and postmortem imaging sessions (radiograph to radiograph and surface scan to radiograph) may cause different 2D renderings of the same osseous element complicating comparisons for identification. In this study, clavicle shape changes due to radiographic positioning and 3D laser scanning were examined in 20 right‐side specimens, as pertinent to chest radiograph comparisons. Results indicate substantial changes in clavicle form with short source‐to‐image receptor distance, elevation of the element from the image receptor, and movement of the element away from the center beam (10% mean square for shape). Although quantitative shape differences were small when the clavicle was in close opposition to the image receptor (3% mean square), important qualitative differences remained with large distances from the center beam (e.g., conoid tubercle presence/absence). The significance of these results for image superimposition and computer‐automated‐shape‐based searches of radiographic libraries to find matching candidates is discussed.     

英美法中名誉损害案件的几个问题

在英美法中,名誉损害是一种独立的侵权行为,名誉损害案件有其自己的特点和一般的规律,本文从其性质分类、构成和抗辩三个方面勾勒了英美法中名誉损害侵权行为法中的有关基本内容,最后是一个简短的总结。     

Introducing a semi-automatic method to simulate large numbers of forensic fingermarks for research on fingerprint identification

Statistical research on fingerprint identification and the testing of automated fingerprint identification system (AFIS) performances require large numbers of forensic fingermarks. These fingermarks are rarely available. This study presents a semi-automatic method to create simulated fingermarks in large quantities that model minutiae features or images of forensic fingermarks. This method takes into account several aspects contributing to the variability of forensic fingermarks such as the number of minutiae, the finger region, and the elastic deformation of the skin. To investigate the applicability of the simulated fingermarks, fingermarks have been simulated with 5-12 minutiae originating from different finger regions for six fingers. An AFIS matching algorithm was used to obtain similarity scores for comparisons between the minutiae configurations of fingerprints and the minutiae configurations of simulated and forensic fingermarks. The results showed similar scores for both types of fingermarks suggesting that the simulated fingermarks are good substitutes for forensic fingermarks.     

应用比对显微照相检验59式手枪射击弹头撞击金属后的痕迹价值

射击弹头碰撞不同客体产生的变形损伤程度存在差异。利用比对显微镜,进行无变形损伤射击弹头和变形损伤射击弹头的痕迹比对照相,来论证59式手枪射击弹头撞击金属后痕迹特征的稳定性和对鉴定价值的影响,可以为变形损伤射击弹头痕迹检验提供科学依据。     

热处理方法恢复PVC胶带分离缘形态

目的建立一种能有效恢复PVC胶带上变形分离缘原始形态的热处理方法。方法选取3个品牌的PVC胶带作为实验样品,沿宽度方向进行不同程度的拉伸,用水浴加热的方法对变形的分离缘进行处理,通过实验确定加热温度、时间以及对变形的恢复效果。结果基于分离缘宽度测量的变形程度大大缩小,对分离缘的凹凸形态恢复效果良好。结论本文建立的热处理方法,能有效地对PVC胶带上变形的分离缘进行形态恢复,可大大增加整体分离痕迹检验的可行性、结论的准确性及说服力。     

Injuries of the Head from Backface Deformation of Ballistic Protective Helmets Under Ballistic Impact

Modern ballistic helmets defeat penetrating bullets by energy transfer from the projectile to the helmet, producing helmet deformation. This deformation may cause severe injuries without completely perforating the helmet, termed “behind armor blunt trauma” (BABT). As helmets become lighter, the likelihood of larger helmet backface deformation under ballistic impact increases. To characterize the potential for BABT, seven postmortem human head/neck specimens wearing a ballistic protective helmet were exposed to nonperforating impact, using a 9 mm, full metal jacket, 124 grain bullet with velocities of 400–460 m/s. An increasing trend of injury severity was observed, ranging from simple linear fractures to combinations of linear and depressed fractures. Overall, the ability to identify skull fractures resulting from BABT can be used in forensic investigations. Our results demonstrate a high risk of skull fracture due to BABT and necessitate the prevention of BABT as a design factor in future generations of protective gear.