Stammwähler und die opportunistische Wahl parteipolitischer Programme

This article explains political radicalism by the number of voters who are biased towards a party. With little voters biased in favor of a party, this party has to rely more heavily on its programmatic distance to other parties. Because large parties – i.e.: parties with a high number of biased voters – gain votes when they move to the center of the political spectrum, parties with a lower number of voters that are biased in their favor are forced to the edges of the policy space. We draw on a computational model of political competition between four parties in a two‐dimensional policy space to investigate this relationship. We use panel corrected OLS estimates to analyze the data generated by the computer simulation. Our results substantiate the hypothesis of a negative relationship between the number of biased voters and the inclination of a party to adopt a more extreme policy stance.     

浅论世界法制格局对我国法制建设的影响

从法治生成的角度来看 ,世界各国法治有内生型法治和外生型法治两种主要类型。中国属于典型的外生型法治类型。大陆法系和英美法系是当今世界法律文化的主流 ,两大法系对我国法制建设有着历史性的多方位的影响。     

特定公权异化的内生性根由和现实性语义诠释

特定公权异化是在特定阶级国家中,特定公权利和特定公权力的相互异化。它具有内生性根由,在不同的社会历史发展阶段存在动态表现,主要体现为生产力水平的先决作用和生产关系的直接决定作用。特定公权异化的内在结构共分为合法异化、异化风险、隐性异化、异化入罪四个层次。从哲学范畴分析特定公权异化的成因主要有三个方面,即微环境外在性诱导、公共职能主体意识缺失、群众联系秩序链断裂,这是对特定公权异化的现实性语义诠释。     

解决"三农"问题的两种互补模型:外生性发展与内生性发展

目前我国存在的一系列矛盾和问题,在相当程度上都是来自城乡二元结构转变的滞后。城乡二元结构包括城乡二元经济结构和城乡二元社会结构。针对发展中国家应如何改变由城乡二元经济结构所造成的农村经济落后状况,西方经济学家创建了外生性发展与内生性发展两种模型。这两种模型表面上是相互对立的,实际上是相互补充的。这已被中国农村改革与发展的实践所检验。     

THE EFFECTS OF LOCAL LAW ENFORCEMENT BLOCK GRANTS ON SERIOUS CRIME*

Research Summary The Local Law Enforcement Block Grants (LLEBG) Program was second only to the Community‐Oriented Policing Services (COPS) Program in its funding levels. Some $3 billion was dispensed to local jurisdictions to reduce crime and improve public safety; yet the effects of LLEBG funding on crime have been all but ignored. Accordingly, panel data from more than 5,000 cities covering a 12‐year period (1990–2001) were collected, and index crime rates were regressed on LLEBG funding and appropriate demographic controls. Additional controls for police levels and other federal grants were also introduced, proper checks for endogeneity of grants (and police levels) were performed, and the models were subjected to an array of robustness checks. A consistent message emerged: LLEBG Program funding was associated with significant reductions in serious crime. Policy Implications Although LLEBG funding seemed to reduce serious crime, the results also revealed that the decrease did not occur through the hiring of additional police officers, even though many funds were used for that purpose. Other mechanisms were thus at work, but the data did not provide insights into what these mechanisms were. In any case, every $1 in LLEBG funding per capita was associated with approximately 59 fewer index crimes per 100,000 people. When combined with the findings from recent studies of the effects of community policing grants on crime, this study suggests additional federal support for local law‐enforcement agencies should be considered.     

吉林省农民增收问题实证研究——基于人力资源开发视角的思考

农民增收问题是"三农"问题的关键。有分析表明,吉林省农民收入中工资性收入和家庭经营二、三产业收入比重较低,因而着力提高农民的非农产业收入势在必行。农民素质的提高对其非农就业和非农收入增长具有显著的促进作用,为此,应大力开发农村人力资源,切实提高农村人力资本质量,以增强内生变量对农民增收的作用,从而形成农民增收的长效机制。     

“推车撞壁”式还是“曲突徙薪”式?——五四时期“社会主义论战”研究

通过对五四时期"社会主义论战"的回顾,其争论焦点可归纳为:什么是社会主义和如何实现社会主义。对于这两点,研究系与早期马克思主义者有不同的回答,形成了两条不同的路径。一条是研究系的"基尔特社会主义--‘推车撞壁’式"路径,另一条是早期马克思主义者的"科学社会主义--‘曲突徙薪’式"路径。学界对早期马克思主义者论战中局限性的研究并不充分,主要体现在过度关注了由外在客观条件造成的必然的不足--"外生的不足",而忽略了由内在主观条件造成的非必然的不足--"内生的不足"。应尽量排除两派共有的"外生的不足",聚焦于"内生的不足"。在"推车撞壁"式与"曲突徙薪"式两种观点的互诘中,早期马克思主义者暴露了其国际视角逻辑的"内生的不足"。这种不足不仅无助于论证其"曲突徙薪"式观点,还逐步演变为错误的理论,导致了错误的革命实践。对"内生的不足"的反思凸显了实践观点与辩证方法的重大意义。     

近30年中国英语课程设计范式变革之检讨及其现实启示

从哲学的范式理论角度来看,影响课程设计的核心因素有国家计划、社会和市场的需求、教学共同体的集体惯性和内部的变革要求以及受教育者的呼声等;本文从历时角度描述并反思近30年来影响英语课程设计范式变革的核心内生和外生变量,阐述其内生和外生变量的运作方式.课程设计范式变革对外语教育的现实启示如教育应根据市场和社会的需求对自身作适当的反思甚至调适、外语教育应和宏观教育结合起来.     

后小康时代我国相对贫困治理的挑战与应对

在全面消除绝对贫困后,我国的贫困治理已转向相对贫困.当前,我国的国际方位、发展方位、社会主要矛盾发生了历史性变化,相对贫困治理也面临着相对贫困人群瞄准难、相对贫困扶持精准供给难、"能力贫困"及"精神贫困"韧性大、碎片化与系统化矛盾调和难等挑战.后小康时代,应构建相对贫困治理长效机制,织密多维动态识别、政策统筹衔接、持续...     

自我拯救：世界历史进程中个人认同的重构

当今世界历史的进程引起了个人认同的诸多危机,重构个人认同应立足于个人现实生活的整体,创建个人认同的＂内生＂模式。这既要求个人在现实生活进行自我提高和完善,也要求个人处理好自我与他者的关系,在维护公共利益的前提下,尊重个体的多元和生活方式的自主,从而构建一种开放式的社会互动机制。在这个过程中,个人应坚持独立自主、共存共赢、理想和现实统一等原则。