论人工智能赋值国家治理:方法、视角与维度

赋值是智能政治学的重要研究课题,赋值研究是智能政治学的重要分析方法.人工智能赋值国家治理,从分析视角来看,表现为人工智能科学、人工智能技术、人工智能形态和人工智能体对国家治理的多重赋值和多源性影响作用.从分析维度来讲,表现为人工智能从赋益、赋义、赋能、赋权、赋则和赋责等多维度影响作用或赋值国家治理,甚至推动国家治理从"...     

论违约行使土地使用权的法律后果——以私法规范在行政管理中的应用为视角

按规定用途、规划条件及动工期限利用土地，并非根源于土地使用权出让合同的私法义务，而实质上是土地使用权人所负公法义务进入私法领域后的一种变脸。因此，不能纯粹以私法思维解释违约行使土地使用权的法律后果。当土地使用者违约行使权利时，土地行政管理部门应责令限期改正，并视违约或违法情况，采取必要的行政强制措施，并可施以罚款。如果穷尽适当的行政强制措施或行政处罚仍不能制止违法用地行为，土地行政管理部门可以私法方式解除出让合同，终止土地使用权，并要求土地使用者支付惩罚性违约金或赔偿金。     

TrueAllele® Genotype Identification on DNA Mixtures Containing up to Five Unknown Contributors

Computer methods have been developed for mathematically interpreting mixed and low‐template DNA. The genotype modeling approach computationally separates out the contributors to a mixture, with uncertainty represented through probability. Comparison of inferred genotypes calculates a likelihood ratio (LR), which measures identification information. This study statistically examined the genotype modeling performance of Cybergenetics TrueAllele^® computer system. High‐ and low‐template DNA mixtures of known randomized composition containing 2, 3, 4, and 5 contributors were tested. Sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility were established through LR quantification in each of these eight groups. Covariance analysis found LR behavior to be relatively invariant to DNA amount or contributor number. Analysis of variance found that consistent solutions were produced, once a sufficient number of contributors were considered. This study demonstrates the reliability of TrueAllele interpretation on complex DNA mixtures of representative casework composition. The results can help predict an information outcome for a DNA mixture analysis.     

When random assignment fails: Some lessons from the Minneapolis Spouse Abuse Experiment

In this paper, we consider what may be done when researchers anticipate that in the implementation of field experiments, random assignment to experimental and control groups is likely to be flawed. We then reanalyze data from the Minneapolis Spouse Abuse Experiment in a manner that explicitly models violations of random assignment. As anticipated, we find far larger treatment effects than previously reported. The techniques developed should be useful in a wide variety of settings when random assignment is implemented imperfectly.     

中国船员涉外人身伤亡救济模式研究

近年来多发的船员涉外人身伤亡案件体现了船员权益保护问题的紧迫性。船员涉外人身伤亡主要分为地点涉外和主体涉外两种,均可以船员国籍和船舶国籍为连接点适用中国法。目前我国调整船员劳动和劳务关系的条文散见于多部法律法规和司法解释,本文以最新船员法规、劳动法规、社会保险法规和2006海事劳工公约为依据,清理诸法头绪,结合海员外派制度,分析得出中国船员涉外人身伤亡主要有工伤保险、保赔保险、商业保险及损害赔偿诉讼四种救济模式,并详细研究各种模式的利弊。     

A test for carrion fly full siblings: a tool for detecting postmortem relocation of a corpse

We propose a genetic test for full sibship for a pair of carrion flies that could reveal the postmortem relocation of a corpse. A carrion fly larva is sometimes left behind when a corpse is moved. The discovery of full sibling larvae of approximately the same developmental stage at two locations would strongly suggest that a corpse was moved between those two sites. Distributions of pairwise comparisons of relatedness (R) coefficients were generated using amplified fragment length polymorphism profiles for nine samples of laboratory-generated full siblings as well as for a reference sample of nonfull sibling Phormia regina (Diptera: Calliphoridae). The mean relative R coefficient, a pairwise measure of the proportion of shared alleles, was 0.479 (±0.289 SD) for full siblings, close to the theoretical expectation of 0.5. A likelihood ratio (LR) test was based on observed distributions of R. R >0.55 corresponded to an LR >1000 favoring full sibship for that pair of individuals.     

商标侵权的判断标准:相似性与混淆可能性之关系

2013年商标法的重大修改之一是对商标侵权判断标准的修改。然而,规定商标侵权判断标准的商标法第57条第2项中的相似性与混淆可能性概念及两者之间的关系均是不清楚的。混淆可能性吸收相似性、混淆可能性内化于相似性以及以相似性为基础、以混淆可能性为限定条件成为世界各国或地区商标侵权判断标准的三种代表性立法例。从法理上看,商标的通信本质决定了混淆性商标使用会影响商标功能的发挥,商标法立法目的决定了混淆可能性是商标侵权判断的基本标准,商标权的基本权能决定了混淆可能性主要适用于商标和商品有一者不相同但近似或者类似的商标使用情形,维持公平竞争和自由竞争平衡的商标保护基本政策决定了混淆的程度是混淆可能性,相似性本身的重要性与历史传统的影响决定了相似性可以是商标侵权判断标准的重要内容。从我国商标侵权判断标准引入混淆可能性的基本动因来看,商标法第57条第2项所确立的商标侵权判断标准可以解释为以相似性为基础和前提、以混淆可能性为限定条件,而传统上内含于商标近似、类似商品、类似服务、商品与服务类似等概念的混淆可能性应该从这些概念中剥离。     

Update of aims population data and test with the genogeographer admixture module

Individuals from Slovenia, Greece, Albania, and Eritrea were typed with the Precision ID Ancestry Panel and included among GenoGeographer’s nine reference populations (Sub-Saharan Africa, Horn of Africa, North Africa, Middle East, Europe, South/Central Asia, East Asia, and East and West Greenland). We tested the performance of GenoGeographer with the Admixture Module on AIM profiles of 3548 individuals assumed to belong to one of the reference populations. A total of 3387 (95.5 %) profiles were assigned to one or more of the reference populations, either a single population or an admixture of two or more populations, while 161 (4.5 %) profiles were not assigned to any reference population or admixtures thereof. For 1486 AIM profiles with no reference population of origin in GenoGeographer, the rejection rate was more than 70 % for AIM profiles from North and South America and less than 20 % for those from Central, North, and Northeast Asia.     

Inferring the Number of Contributors to Complex DNA Mixtures Using Three Methods: Exploring the Limits of Low‐Template DNA Interpretation

In forensic DNA casework, the interpretation of an evidentiary profile may be dependent upon the assumption on the number of individuals from whom the evidence arose. Three methods of inferring the number of contributors—NOCIt, maximum likelihood estimator, and maximum allele count, were evaluated using 100 test samples consisting of one to five contributors and 0.5–0.016 ng template DNA amplified with Identifiler^® Plus and PowerPlex^® 16 HS. Results indicate that NOCIt was the most accurate method of the three, requiring 0.07 ng template DNA from any one contributor to consistently estimate the true number of contributors. Additionally, NOCIt returned repeatable results for 91% of samples analyzed in quintuplicate, while 50 single‐source standards proved sufficient to calibrate the software. The data indicate that computational methods that employ a quantitative, probabilistic approach provide improved accuracy and additional pertinent information such as the uncertainty associated with the inferred number of contributors.     

Choosing relatives for DNA identification of missing persons

DNA-based analysis is integral to missing person identification cases. When direct references are not available, indirect relative references can be used to identify missing persons by kinship analysis. Generally, more reference relatives render greater accuracy of identification. However, it is costly to type multiple references. Thus, at times, decisions may need to be made on which relatives to type. In this study, pedigrees for 37 common reference scenarios with 13 CODIS STRs were simulated to rank the information content of different combinations of relatives. The results confirm that first-order relatives (parents and fullsibs) are the most preferred relatives to identify missing persons; fullsibs are also informative. Less genetic dependence between references provides a higher on average likelihood ratio. Distant relatives may not be helpful solely by autosomal markers. But lineage-based Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA markers can increase the likelihood ratio or serve as filters to exclude putative relationships.