A novel method for cyanide quantification in human whole blood using ion chromatography with amperometric detection and its application to cyanide intoxication cases

Cyanide is a highly toxic agent that has been frequently used for suicide in South Korea. It is also used in various industrial fields, such as metal plating, in which many accidental cyanide intoxications have occurred. To overcome the disadvantages of conventional cyanide analysis methods, a simple and fast method for the analysis of cyanide in whole blood using ion chromatography (IC) with amperometric detection was developed in this study. Whole blood samples were deproteinized, diluted, and analyzed using an IC–amperometric detection system. The limits of detection and quantitation were 0.1 and 0.2 mg/L, respectively. The method showed good linearity in the range of 0.2 to 50 mg/L with R² > 0.99. The intra- and inter-assay precision and accuracy values were <10%. The established method was successfully applied to analyze whole blood samples from three cyanide intoxication cases.     

Managing commercial risks in open source software licensing

Legal context: The article reviews the commercial risk allocation clauses intypical open source licence terms and discusses their enforceabilityand implications. Key points: The enforceability of warranty disclaimers and limitation ofliability clauses in common open source licence terms is questionable,particularly in a cross-border context, and commercial licensorsshould take additional steps to protect themselves from down-streamrisks. Practical significance: Open source software presents a number of unusual commercialissues, because it is available free of charge and the providerstry to disclaim warranties and liabilities. End users and resellershave to adjust their own in- and out-licensing models to accommodatethis situation.     

原位反转录PCR技术的应用

针对已有资料中对于以DNA为靶基因序列的原位 PCR介绍较多,而对于原位反转录PCR的介绍很少,但在实际研究工作中有很多检测的靶基因是 RNA(病毒的或基因组的 RNA)的实际情况,就原位反转录PCR技术的基本原理、影响试验结果的关键因素和步骤,如组织细胞的固定、引物和探针的选择、蛋白酶及DNA酶消化、假阳性及假阴性的产生等进行了概述,旨在通过探讨上述问题,对该技术的实际应用有所指导。     

Acidic and neutral drugs screen in blood with quantitation using microbore high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection and capillary gas chromatography–flame ionization detection

Blood previously acidified with aqueous saturated ammonium chloride solution was extracted with ethyl acetate. The dried extract was subjected to acetonitrile–hexane partition. The acetonitrile portion was analysed for the presence of acidic and neutral drugs by HPLC–DAD (200 mm×2.1 mm I.D. microbore ODS-Hypersil column) and GC–FID (25 m narrow-bore×0.25 mm I.D. HP-5 column with 0.33 μm film thickness). The protocol was found to be suitable for both clinical toxicology (including emergency toxicology) and postmortem toxicology. At least 66 drugs of interest were unequivocally identified by RRTs (HPLC) and UV spectra (DAD) match while another 12 were unequivocally identified by double RRTs match (HPLC and GC). Quantitation was facilitated by incorporating calibration blood standards in each assay batch. The five drugs most commonly encountered in clinical blood specimens (1150 cases) were: paracetamol (47.4% of the cases); chlormezanone (6.6%), theophylline (1.74%), naproxen (1.65%) and mefenamic acid (1.56%). The following drugs were detected in toxicologically significant quantities in postmortem blood specimens (245 cases): phenobarbitone (1.22% of the cases), naproxen (0.82%), chlormezanone (0.82%), theophylline (0.82%), carbamazepine (0.41%) and paracetamol (0.41%).     

A Note on Optimal Law Enforcement under Asymmetric Information

We show that the probability of apprehension and punishment is usually reduced in a framework with asymmetric information, leading to more offenses being committed. A positive correlation between crime and asymmetry of information in the enforcement process is established. Some suggestions concerning the efficiency of private versus public enforcement are drawn.     

Crime,detection rate,and the police: A macro approach

Dutch criminality and its relation to the performance of police and justice have only recently been analyzed at the macro level (e.g., at the level of municipalities or the whole country). This type of approach is a useful supplement to analyses at the micro level (that of individuals), which are more common in Dutch empirical criminological research. The main results of such a macro approach are presented in this article. We conclude that the per capita numbers of youth, divorced people, and unemployed contribute significantly to the crime rate. The police strength and solving rates are important factors as well. Analysis of the production process of the police reveals that detecting one more case of driving under the influence is far more expensive than solving one more other crime or handling one more traffic accident. The results are combined to sketch a cost-benefit approach of different strategies in allocating more resources to the police. Allocating extra resources to solving more cases of vandalism gives the best cost-benefit ratio.     

全球视野中的邓小平对外开放理论

邓小平对外开放理论,从世界经济发展普遍规律的高度,深刻回答了为什么对外开放、对谁开放和如何开放的问题,把全球范围内对外开放理论提高到一个新水平,为中国等发展中国家对外开放提供了强有力的理论支持。     

警察权力运行的规范与制约

警察权力是一项强大的公共权力,它一旦被滥用,会直接侵害公民的人身和财产权益,具有很大社会危害性。尽管近期我国对警察权力的运行作了进一步规范,但并未确立完善的警察权力的运行机制,导致警察权力侵害公民合法权益的事件频仍。任何权力都应受到限制,只有对警察权力的运行进行规范和制约,才能防止警察权力滥用,使警察权力能合法、合理地运行,更好地维护公共安全秩序。     

沙门菌实时荧光定量PCR检测试剂盒的研制与应用

根据沙门菌保守的fimY基因序列设计合成了引物和TaqMan探针,建立了快速检测沙门茵的实时荧光定量方法,并对反应条件进行了优化,组装成快速检测试剂盒。通过对临床样品的检测,该试剂盒的检测灵敏度达4．5 CFU(25μL反应体系),比常规PCR高100倍,而且稳定性良好,至少可以冷冻保存9个月。结果表明,所建立的沙门菌实时荧光定量PCR检测试剂盒具有操作简便、快速、特异性强、灵敏度高、重复性好、稳定性强等优点,适于大量样品的检测。