胚兔牙囊发育生物行为的组织形态学观察

研究胚兔的牙囊发育生物行为与人的牙囊发育是否相似 ,为人口腔疾病的研究提供模拟实验动物模型 ,采用光镜、电镜及激光扫描共聚焦显微镜对 4 3只胚兔的牙囊发育过程进行形态学观察。结果显示 ,牙囊来源于外胚间质 ,通过胚胎诱导形成牙支持组织 ,分化产生成牙骨质细胞、成骨细胞、成纤维细胞 ,形成牙骨质、固有牙槽骨、牙周韧带及其基质 ,对牙齿发育阶段具有保护和稳定作用 ,调控未来形成的牙周结构 ,在早期发育阶段首先出现 ,与人牙囊发育基本相似 ;最终牙囊在牙冠的顶部形成索引带 ,诱导继承牙萌出 ,在牙冠的根部形成牙支持组织 ,一部分牙囊细胞有程序性细胞死亡 ,以维持牙囊发育期内环境的生理平衡     

浅谈科学归纳法在犯罪侦查中的运用

归纳逻辑理论中的科学归纳法在自然科学中是科学发现和科学认识的有利工具,在犯罪侦查中同样也是帮助办案人员分析、认识案件的一种有效办法,应积极、科学地运用它,使其在犯罪侦查中发挥出重要的作用。     

The Ratio of 6β‐Hydroxycortisol to Cortisol in Urine as a Measure of Cytochrome P450 3A Activity in Postmortem Cases

Poisoning can occur with chronic accumulation of a drug due to reduced metabolic capacity; conversely, under‐treatment may occur due to an increased metabolic rate. Over half of all drugs are metabolized by the cytochrome P450 3A complex (CYP3A). The activity of CYP3A can be assessed by the urinary ratio of 6β‐hydroxycortisol to cortisol. The aim of this study was to determine the usefulness of this ratio as a postmortem marker for determining whether altered CYP3A enzyme activity occurred prior to death. In a series of 244 postmortem cases, this ratio ranged from 0.014 to 78.6 (median 3.50). The median was significantly higher (5.14) in a subgroup of 28 cases that exhibited the presence of CYP3A‐inducing drugs. In cirrhosis, the median ratio was 1.69. This pointed to a reduced metabolic capacity of CYP3A. Thus, the ratio may constitute a rough indicator of the CYP3A metabolic capacity, which could be of value in special cases.     

逻辑在科学知识创新中的重要作用

逻辑思维是开启科学知识大门的钥匙,其无论是在自然科学或是社会科学的知识创新活动中均发挥了指导、调控和导航的作用。本文从逻辑思维中的归纳和演绎、逻辑矛盾和类比、数理逻辑与人工智能等方面简述了逻辑思维在科学知识创新中的地位和作用。     

Beliefs in a Just World as a Buffer Against Anger

Anger is the emotion typically accompanying unfairness appraisals. Belief in a just world (BJW) was expected to buffer against angry feelings because subjects high in BJW play down unfairness, justify unfairness as being self-inflicted, and avoid self-focused rumination. Three studies were run to test this hypothesis. A questionnaire study revealed that subjects who strongly endorse the belief in a personally just world are less likely to experience anger and, if they do experience such feelings, are less likely to suppress them. In two experiments, an angry, a happy, or a sad mood was induced. In the anger-evoking condition, subjects high in BJW were less angry and suffered no decrease in self-esteem compared to subjects low in BJW, who reported increased feelings of anger and decreased self-esteem. It is concluded that individuals high in BJW are better able to cope with anger-evoking situations, and that BJW can be seen as a personal resource protecting not only mental but also physical health.     

论概率归纳法的特征及其增强证据效力的作用

建立在概率论与数理统计方法基础之上的概率归纳法，在自然和社会科学领域中有广泛应用。在司法实践调查取证工作中，概率归纳法在增强间接证据的证据效力的作用上别具特色，一些典型案例的研究可以给人以举一反三的启示。     

猪带绦虫TSO18基因真核表达载体的构建及其表达

采用PCR从重组克隆载体pGEMTSO18中扩增出猪带绦虫六钩蚴TSO18基因,与毕赤酵母分泌性表达载体pPIC9k相连接,构建重组表达载体pPIC9kTSO18,转化大肠埃希氏菌JM109,经测序证实,基因序列完全正确。制备重组质粒pPIC9kTSO18,用SalⅠ线性化,并电转化毕赤酵母(Pichiapastoris)GS115,使重组表达载体与酵母染色体发生同源整合。采用G418抗性梯度法筛选得到高拷贝重组菌株,以甲醇进行诱导表达,SDSPAGE和Westernblotting分析结果表明,诱导表达的培养上清中表达出具有反应活性的16ku重组蛋白,目的蛋白约占培养上清液中蛋白总量的80%以上,诱导72h目的蛋白表达量为0.5mg/mL。     

犯罪学实证研究方法与逻辑实证主义之关联

犯罪学界曾有人提出这样一个认题:“实证方法虽然是科学的,为什么没有通向科学的结论呢?”这是因为实证主义体系存在着对实证方法的污染。从科学方法发展史来看,实证主义曾经在历史上发挥过巨大的作用,但随着科学本身发展,实证主义已是被跨越过去了的体系。在犯罪学研究中我们一定要注意防止实证主义体系对实证研究方法的污染。这种污染目前主要体现在以下两点:一是否认理论和思辩的作用;一是迷信归纳推理,主张归纳万能。     

When is a bologna sandwich better than sex? A defense of small-n case study evaluations

This paper discusses the value of quasi-experiments with small numbers of cases - small-n case studies. It argues that these evaluations of crime prevention have value. The first part of the paper shows that small-n evaluations are practical methods for producing information and that discarding this information reduces our ability to learn what works in crime prevention. The solution is to examine small-n evaluations in systematic reviews. In the second part this paper shows that more rigorous evaluations can sacrifice generalizability to gain internal validity and that this, too, reduces our ability to learn. The solution is to create a mixed portfolio of intrusive, less-intrusive, and non-intrusive evaluations. In the third part this paper shows why inference processes that make use of theory should replace naïve inductionism. One implication of this is that ignoring theory also discards evidence. Another implication is that taking theory into account when we review program effectiveness allows us to better use small-n evaluations when we generalize. In the final part, this paper gives three recommendations for making use of small-n evaluations: adopt case study procedures developed in political science, improve the value of process evaluations, and improve crime theories.     

The Paradox of Leviathan: How to Develop and Contain the Future European State?

Using a constitutional political economy perspective, we study the paradox of government (how a limited government can stay limited) and the different ways in which systems of law try to solve it. We then provide a tentative application to a possible European state and assess the relevance of some member countries' constitutional and administrative law, if they were both to develop and to contain this European state.