Anomalous authoritarianism: what,which, why?

Research on autocracies has gained new momentum in the last decade. One element of this research is the observation that some autocracies are characterised by structural conditions that are normally conducive for democracy. These ‘anomalous autocracies’ have high levels of socioeconomic development and democratic neighbour countries. The study of these cases might expose factors that are decisive for autocratic stability and studying them might give us a better understanding of barriers towards democratisation. This paper contributes to the growing literature on autocracies by mapping anomalous autocracies during the third wave of democratisation, thereby paving the way for systematic case selection in future studies. A large-N analysis of 159 cases (1975–2008) identifies Belarus, Chile, China, Cuba, Morocco, North Korea, Peru, Singapore, Swaziland, Togo and Zimbabwe. In a second step, the paper lays out a theoretical framework that centres on actors and institutions. Rulers must establish elite–elite and elite–mass interaction, and this papers argues that they can do so through quasi-compliance of elites and the masses based on traditional institutions woven into a dominant party. The paper uses the framework to tentatively examine the resilience of authoritarian rule in Swaziland and Morocco, two most-different anomalous cases. In both cases, an elaborate traditional institution has co-opted government, business and rural elites and coordinated interaction within elite circles and with the masses, in turn enabling the remarkable regime resilience.     

监狱服刑人员社会适应性评估与预测性评估的基本问题

监狱服刑人员社会适应性评估与预测性评估体系建设是监狱行刑工作急需解决的重大课题。两类评估的评估体系构建,需要开展大量的实证研究和理论研究工作。本文主要是对两类评估的内涵、意义、评估的维度及其体系内涵进行初步探讨。     

Trends in the management of registered sexual offenders across England and Wales: a geographical approach to the study of sexual offending

Abstract

Social scientists, and geographers in particular, have long been interested in examining spatial patterns of offending in order to generate a “geography” of crime and criminality. This paper examines what value, if any, a geographical approach to the study of sexual offending might offer. Utilising published official data from England and Wales it presents for the first time geographical analyses of the registration, risk assessment and management of Registered Sexual Offenders (RSOs) across 42 Multi-Agency Public Protection Arrangement (MAPPA) areas. In doing so it considers and evaluates the methodological issues pertaining to the use of such data and such a geographical approach. We conclude that geographical interpretations of both the incidence of RSOs and the rates of risk allocations between MAPPA areas provide valuable insights and raise new questions about the way in which RSOs are managed nationally and are thus worthy of further exploration.     

A Computational Framework for Age‐at‐Death Estimation from the Skeleton: Surface and Outline Analysis of 3D Laser Scans of the Adult Pubic Symphysis

In forensic anthropology, age‐at‐death estimation typically requires the macroscopic assessment of the skeletal indicator and its association with a phase or score. High subjectivity and error are the recognized disadvantages of this approach, creating a need for alternative tools that enable the objective and mathematically robust assessment of true chronological age. We describe, here, three fully computational, quantitative shape analysis methods and a combinatory approach that make use of three‐dimensional laser scans of the pubic symphysis. We report a novel age‐related shape measure, focusing on the changes observed in the ventral margin curvature, and refine two former methods, whose measures capture the flatness of the symphyseal surface. We show how we can decrease age‐estimation error and improve prior results by combining these outline and surface measures in two multivariate regression models. The presented models produce objective age‐estimates that are comparable to current practices with root‐mean‐square‐errors between 13.7 and 16.5 years.     

合理预见规则适用之探析

预期利益损失获赔是一个比较极端的原则，对原告尤其有利，所以法律在承认预期利益损失可获得赔偿的同时必需制定相关的限制原则，以保持合同当事人双方的利益平衡。合理预见规则是一重要的限制措施，目前，我国的合同法也顺应了国际潮流，采用了合理预见规则作为违约损害赔偿的限制手段，但比较而言，我国的相关法律规定的过于简单、笼统；为此，在司法实务中应在借鉴大陆法系和英美法系在合理预见规则的具体适用的基础之上，探索出适合我国的合理预见规则理论，同时，对《合同法》第113条予以检讨。     

傅里叶显微红外光谱成像技术研究进展及其法医学应用

傅里叶显微红外光谱成像技术可收集微小物体的红外光谱信息,针对组织切片和细胞进行扫描,记录选择区域像素位点的红外光谱信息,并通过计算机软件构建出组织和细胞中光谱吸收峰的二维和三维光谱映射图像.由于红外光谱对生物大分子的敏感性,通过该技术可以有效分析组织和细胞的生化构成、分子分布、代谢变化.本文阐述了傅里叶显微红外光谱成像...     

轻型颅脑损伤电生理研究及其在临床法医学上的应用

本文对60例轻型颅脑损伤（MHI）患者的ABR、LEDVEP及其中40例BEAM的变化进行了研究。结果表明：ABR异常主要表现为Ⅰ－Ⅲ峰间潜伏期的延长；LEDVEP异常表现为N70潜伏期的延长，并可伴有N70－P100波幅的降低；BEAM异常以α1频带的平均功率增高为特征，且θ／α2功率比的增高可提示幕上损伤的存在。同时，根据电生理追踪检测的结果，首次提出了轻型颅脑损伤脑功能损害程度分级的标准，为此类损伤伤害程度的法医学鉴定提供了客观依据。     

Government Mapping of the Third Sector: A Government Innovation for Regulation and Coordination? Perspectives From the Third Sector

This article examines the policy tool of a registry of civil society organizations in a regulatory transparency framework. A registry serves as a government ‘mapping’ tool by collecting data on civil society and nonprofit organizations. Do government efforts to map the third sector hinder or foster nonprofit organizations’ capacity and their coordination? The balance between regulation and the strengthening of nonprofit organizations’ capacity and the coordination of goods and services through government innovations like the registries—i.e., third sector mappings—might indeed have the potential to foster a more effective and efficient third sector.