行政受益权研究

行政法上的受益权是指行政相对人依法通过行政主体的作为和不作为而获得各种权利和利益的权利。它是积极国家、给付行政模式下行政相对人的最重要的权利。受益权与传统生存权之间是交叉关系。受益权的外延极其宽泛,而这主要取决于受益权是一种融合的权利。以受益权作为行政给付的现代权利基础,有利于扩大受益对象和授受范围,拓宽国家与政府义务范围,拓展积极国家理念,并有利于给付行政模式的建构。     

婚约“彩礼”返还之法理分析

彩礼作为婚约的伴生物已存在了几千年,我国婚姻法对婚约效力的忽略导致了彩礼法律属性的混乱.为解决实践中的问题,最高人民法院司法解释规定了彩礼返还的3种情况,在一定程度上解决了司法实践中的不一致现象,具有一定的实际意义.因此,有必要对彩礼的法律属性做进一步分析,确定其赠予合同的性质.婚姻法应明确婚约无效的规定,为彩礼的有条件返还确立法律上的依据.     

格式条款内容规制的规范体系

在规制合同内容的规范群内部存在着体系化的分工。格式条款内容规制规范不能适用于核心给付条款。其根本原因在于,市场机制通常虽不能作用于附随条款但却能作用于核心给付条款。这并不意味着核心给付条款就不受法律秩序的规制。对于不当合同的介入,通常需要合意度低下和均衡度不足两个要件的合力。合同法第40条的意义,在于将所有利用格式条款之情形的合意推定为程度较低的合意。如此一来,在对格式条款作内容规制时,便不再需要举证合意度的低下。     

智识互转：印证规范解析

我国刑事证明的印证模式突出表现了如下特点,系争内容由不同来源的证据提供同一性印证、证明程度排他性要求可能促成采用灵活性取证手段等。《办理死刑案件证据规定》之中有多处关于审查证据、采信证据和对全案事实认定的＂印证＂条款,这些条款体现了如下特点：需要印证的对象——主要针对证人证言、被害人陈述、被告人供述和辩解等容易因为出庭而出现反复的证据形式以及间接证据;印证的目的——主要是解决庭审中翻证、翻供以及作证资格缺陷和利害关系人的证言效力问题;印证的条件错综复杂,而印证的效力有一种法定证据制度的痕迹,同时又因为其语言模糊而可能存在滥用裁量权的嫌疑。针对印证规定的限度,第一,需要把以量取胜和依靠主观真诚和正当程序为基础的以质取胜相结合;第二,需要把靠证据说话与辩论、说理和质证等形式的意见之争相结合。     

基于财务报表列报准则的中外对比分析

2014年1月财政部完成了对《企业会计准则第30号——财务报表列报》的修订工作。作为集中反映企业会计确认和计量的结果载体的财务报表,其列报方式的改变会对会计信息产生重大的影响。新准则与原准则和国际准则之间在总则、基本要求、资产负债表、利润表、所有者权益变动表、附注等方面都存在很多变化,这种变化就是对各项会计规定作了很好的整合,进一步完善了我国企业财务会计准则体系,因而对规范企业行为、提高会计信息透明度、增强财务报表的决策有用性等方面,都具有重要意义。     

The decomposition and graphical analysis of crime and sanctions data: A cross-national application

This article attempts to illustrate the utility of isoquant map analysis from the field of production theory in microeconomics for the analysis of criminal justice data. Cross-national comparisons of aggregate crime and justice data are used to demonstrate the ability of this technique to reveal important patterns that are often obscured by simple rate comparisons and multivariate treatments such as pooled time-series analysis. For each jurisdiction, aggregate trends in criminal justice processing rates are systematically analyzed as a sequence of two-input production processes: gross imprisonment rates (prison population divided by resident population) can be partitioned in terms of the crime rate and punitiveness (prison population divided by the number of offenses); punitiveness can, in turn, be partitioned in terms of severity and certainty of punishment; certainty of punishment can then be partitioned, seriatim, in terms of the incarceration rate, the conviction rate, and the arrest or clearance rate and the rate at which citizens report crimes. Cross-national data collected by Farrington, Langan, and Wikström are used to illustrate the utility of the method for displaying comparisons of the decomposition of aggregate criminal justice data for the United States, England, and Sweden.     

“A Mom First and a Candidate Second”: Gender Differences in Candidates' Self-Presentation of Family

Parenthood carries different consequences for men and women in politics. While the conventional wisdom is that motherhood is a liability for women candidates and fatherhood an asset for men, recent elections have called this idea into question. Specifically, Sarah Palin's candidacy and her cadre of “Mama Grizzlies” suggest that there may be times when motherhood can be an asset. We analyze how men and women present their families to voters by examining the campaign websites of congressional contenders in 2008 and 2010. The results indicate that despite the proliferation of mother candidates, women still tend to de-emphasize their children compared to their male colleagues, who are more likely to showcase their families, most notably in pictures. Moreover, we find that other factors like parental status, age of children, party, chamber, incumbency, and opponent gender also affect differences in candidates' propensity to use their families in campaigns.     

负载灭活口蹄疫病毒树突状细胞活化CD8+T细胞的非蛋白酶体依赖途径

为研究树突状细胞加工和呈递灭活口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)抗原并活化CD8+T细胞的途径,用灭活FMDV负载经抑制剂预处理的小鼠单核细胞源树突状细胞(MoDCs),与CD8+T细胞共培养,对照为负载FMDV的正常MoDCs与CD8+T细胞.收集上清液,检测γ干扰素(IFN-γ)的含量.结果显示,试验组CD8+T细胞在共培养的...     

浅谈刑事案件中的“情况说明”

"情况说明"这一证据材料在刑事司法实践中大量存在并作为定案证据被广泛运用。然而其特殊的表现形式又未见于法定的八类证据之中。不是所有的"情况说明"都具有证据的属性。通过对"情况说明"证据属性的梳理,我们发现"情况说明"除了不能担当犯罪嫌疑人、被告人供述和辩解、视听资料、勘验、检查、辨认、侦查实验笔录这三类证据之外,可以成为其他四类证据。     

Sage Advice

正Living in an age when world leadership seems to increasingly operate with an absence of conscience,the wisdom of the wise sage,Confucius,provides a foundation of values that is well worth the study.The book,Confucius From the Heart,written by Professor yu Dan and published in 2009 by Zhonghua Book Co.,is a remarkable presentation of how the words of the ancient sage can serve as a buoy for those lost at sea in a world of tumultuous decision-making.