兽药缓控速释药剂型的研究进展

简要介绍了兽药缓控速释剂型的产生、发展、动力学过程及其分类,并着重阐述了兽药缓控速释药的应用现状、发展动力、研究热点与趋势,分析了兽药缓控速释剂型研究中存在的问题,旨在为广大兽医药工作者研制兽药新剂型提供参考。     

西方国家民事诉讼审前准备程序概况与评析

西方国家民事诉讼的发展趋势由偏重开庭审理转为审前准备程序并重 ,体现出法官的职权行使受当事人权利的约束等一些共同特征。审前准备程序的价值在于为当事人拥有积极行使诉讼权利的空间和手段 ,提高诉讼参与性 ,保障诉讼的民主性、公正性和公开性提供基础条件。     

Restoring accountability in pretrial release: the Philadelphia pretrial release supervision experiments

As drug arrests and jail overcrowding added pressure to increase pretrial release in localities during the 1980s and 1990s, the need to manage a larger and higher-risk pretrial population of defendants awaiting adjudication in the community became a high priority for justice agencies. In the late 1990s Philadelphia officials sought to discover the ingredients of a successful supervision strategy through four interlinked field experiments to provide an empirical basis for a major reform of the pretrial release system. The results of the linked randomized experiments question common assumptions about “supervision,” its impact and effectiveness, about the underlying nature of the noncompliant defendant, and deterrence implications. The study emphasizes the importance of interpreting the findings in the context of implementation of the policy reform. Findings suggest that facilitative notification strategies wield little influence on defendant behavior and that deterrent aims are undermined by the system's failure to deliver consequences for defendant noncompliance during pretrial release. The most significant contribution of the article is its illustration of a major evidence-based policy reform undertaken by a major court system.     

论无正本提单交付货物的若干法律问题

在国际海上货物运输中 ,由于航运技术的发展 ,船舶航速日益提高 ,相应地 ,因提单的延误而引发的承运人无正本提单交付货物的问题也日益突出和严重 ,甚至于对提单的功能产生了冲击。本文主要分析了承运人承担无正本提单交付货物法律责任的法理依据以及法律责任的有关问题。     

美国企业犯罪的审前转处协议研究

美国针对企业犯罪建立了特殊的审前转处程序,办案检察官可以与涉罪企业签署暂缓起诉协议和不起诉协议,如果企业能够在考察期限内完成协议下的义务,则不会被审判和定罪。在美国经济危机时期,该制度较好地为企业的生存和社会公共利益的维护提供了保障。该制度以美国司法部内部的政策性文件为依据,赋予了办案检察官较大的自由裁量权,法院基本无权干预。美国理论界的争论主要围绕三对冲突关系:社会公共利益维护与企业“大到不用判刑”特权的冲突、检察官的转处裁量权与程序正义的冲突、司法部内部行为与立法/司法管辖权的冲突。在我国面临企业犯罪处理困境的当下,该制度及其相关理论能够为我国“司法行政部门帮扶企业”政策的践行提供经验借鉴。     

与中国有关的专属经济区渔业争端及其解决途径之思考

近年来,与中国有关的渔业争端有增多的趋势。对于因沿海国在其专属经济区扣押中国渔船引起的渔业争端,可以借助《海洋法公约》的有关规定,充分运用协商谈判、调解之解决程序,并考虑利用海洋法法庭在解决“迅速释放”问题方面具有强制管辖权的优势,就这方面的渔业争端接受海洋法法庭的管辖。而中国与周边国家存在的涉及领土主权事项和划界争议所引起的渔业争端,其治本之策在于解决划界问题,对此,可以声明不予适用强制程序,而是通过谈判,在“搁置争议,共同开发”的基础上渐进地予以解决。     

侦审合一后的预审工作研究

我国的预审制度起源于1931年12月中华苏维埃共和国临时中央政府颁布的训令,立法于1979年7月我国颁布的第一部《刑事诉讼法》中,它在公安机关办理刑事案件中发挥了重要作用。1997年6月公安部作出侦审合一的刑侦体制改革,但目前侦审合一呈现多元化的格局,它既有改革相配套的制度和措施跟不上的原因,又有侦查人员破案任务重和素质能力弱,无法适应改革要求的原因。未来的预审工作,除了允许侦审合一的多种形式存在外,应当继续推进侦审合一;提高现有侦查人员侦查、预审素质;实行受过专门训练的公安、政法院校侦查学专业或者相近专业毕业的学生准入侦查部门的制度。     

庭前会议的功能定位与实践反思--以B市40个刑事案件为样本

按照刑事诉讼法和相关规范性文件的设定,刑事庭前会议主要解决程序性争议,基本功能是归纳控辩争议焦点,确定法庭调查范围;拓展功能衍生为推动案件繁简分流,规范撤回起诉程序,协商确定审判方式。通过对B市40个刑事案件的实证分析发现,庭前会议解决程序性争议的功能有限,庭前会议与庭审程序的关系不明,"大庭前会议、小庭审程序"现象值得警惕,制度设计与实践操作存在一定的紧张关系。未来要谨防庭前会议替代、削弱正式庭审,避免辩护权弱化、庭审虚化等不良倾向,回归庭前会议功能,推动庭审实质化。     

西方国家审前司法审查制度比较研究－－兼论建立我国审前司法审查制度

英美与法德等西方国家建立审前司法审查制度,对侦检机关在审前程序中的追诉行为实施司法审查,以平衡诉讼结构,保护公民的基本权益。但在我国的审前程序中却不存在这种司法审查制度,使我国审前程序丧失基本的诉讼性格,因此,有必要建立我国的审前司法审查制度。     

Getting Out of Debt: Garnishment of Wage in Whose Interest?

Garnishment of wage as a way for creditors to enforce payment by unwilling or insolvent debtors, while very common in Germany and Switzerland, is not very successful. Based on a dynamic model of debtor behaviour, this paper explores two alternatives of reform. One is to reduce the rate of garnishment, which at present amounts to 100 percent of the wage income exceeding a defined subsistence level, thus probably destroying incentives to work. According to model simulations, reducing the rate of garnishment is likely to result in an increase of labour supply but a decrease of garnishment revenue per period. Second, the introduction of a debt release as it exists in the United States would have an ambiguous effect on labour supply. While providing debtors with a fresh start, it would result a partial loss for creditors. A Pareto improvement thus does not seem to be possible. When taxpayers as an involved third party are taken into account, however, a potential Pareto improvement appears attainable through debt release.