A critique of bourgeois theories of economic development

Festival expenditures amount to over 15 per cent of a household's annual expenditures in rural India. Yet they have never been studied by economists. This article uses both qualitative and quantitative data from a case study of three South Indian villages to show that festivals are important public goods in the village, but neither a pure entertainment motive nor an altruistic desire to contribute to a public event seems to explain their size. Households which spend money on festivals, everything else held equal, are able, however, to generate tangible rewards - lower prices on food, higher social status and more invitations to meals from other families. This indicates that active participation in festivals generates private economic and social returns which help resolve a potential free-rider problem. The evidence is consistent with the notion that festivals serve as mechanisms by which communities build social networks.     

行政奖励与市场整治

市场经济和民主政治要求行政执法加强社会公众的参与程度,使行政行为提高效率.行政奖励是非强制行政行为之一,他引导、激励行政相对方为或不为特定行为,在获得私利的同时,积极促进行政目标的实现.在市场经济秩序整顿和规范过程中行政奖励具有重要意义,但也存在一些问题,期待行政法治化的保障.     

Bread and roses: Justice and the distribution of financial and socioemotional rewards in organizations

Two studies tested the hypothesis that organizational decision makers attempt to counterbalance contribution-based distributions of financial/material rewards (a “merit” system that creates monetary inequality) with need- and equality-based allocations of socioemotional rewards, in effect allocating “roses” in lieu of more “bread”. Experiment 1 had a two-factor design (Reward Type × Magnitude of Income Inequality); 67 subjects were given a managerial in-basket exercise in which they expressed their preferences for a variety of distributive justice rules for seven different types of rewards. Experiment 2 (N=39) had the same design, with a stronger manipulation of magnitude of inequality. Results of the two experiments were consistent with the counterbalancing hypothesis, irrespective of magnitude of income inequality; financially related rewards (e.g., profit sharing, office space, company cars) were distributed with more emphasis on contribution rules (i.e., performance, status), while more socioemotional rewards (e.g., help for an employee's spouse, friendliness) were allocated with more emphasis on equality among individuals, equality across groups, and personal need.     

宋代经济领域中的告赏立法

立赏告奸作为鼓励吏民揭发犯罪的手段,早在商鞅变法时已经出现,其后历代多有此类立法。而宋代的告赏立法,不仅适用于刑事犯罪,而且对经济、思想文化、社会生活等领域中的犯罪亦广立告赏之法。仅此项立法,在宋代已形成了一个广阔的法域,成为古今中外实不多见的一种法律现象。     

What is wrong with job security?

Most Western studies into motivation suggest that public servants are prosocial. Moreover, scholars suggest that a desire for external rewards, like pay and job security, may crowd out prosocial proclivity. However, recent studies from non‐Western contexts provide mixed results about the actual drivers of public servants' motivation to seek and retain public sector employment and perform their duties. To advance the development of theory regarding motivational dynamics of public servants in developing countries, we examine how pursuing external rewards impacts public service motivation, job satisfaction, and turnover intention among public servants in Kazakhstan (n = 627), a developing former Soviet republic that has been subjected to various waves of personnel reform. Our quantitative and qualitative data show that a desire for job security relates positively to public service motivation and job satisfaction, whereas a desire for monetary rewards correlates negatively with public service motivation and positively with turnover intention. We conclude with the implications for theory and practice.     

论社会赏罚对道德选择的导向作用

在现代社会转型时期,社会赏罚对人们的道德选择发挥着导向作用.社会赏罚通过一定的社会心理机制和利益杠杆实现对人们道德选择的引导.道德选择的困难,是由于人们经常处于现实生活的道德困境之中.这种困境有四种表现形态.社会赏罚对人们道德选择的引导有属于"硬约束"手段的直接引导,也有通过社会舆论、风尚习俗、榜样典型等"软约束"手段的间接引导.这种导向作用有正向的,也有反向的.社会赏罚方向与时代所需的道德价值的吻合或偏离往往导致两种不同的引导方向.     

中美贸易战背景下的美国华人科技人才回流

美国国内目前的整体环境及其发展趋势使中国招揽美国华人人才回流的必要性增强,可能性增大, 有利条件前所未有。因应形势加大力度招揽美国华人科技人才回流,加大力度招揽美国高新技术产业和跨国公 司研发中心投资等举措,不仅具有重要的经济意义,从更深远背景上考察,其成效还关系到国民对政府的政治 认同和民族凝聚力。     

General Trends and Causes of High Compensation of Government Managers in the OECD Countries

Government managers play a central role in the public administration of countries to support their overall efficiency. The compensation of central government senior managers has received considerable attention in recent years since it has risen in many countries. The public, the media and academia see government senior managers as being overpaid, with salaries increasing in a disproportionate and inequitable way. The literature has analyzed some possible determinants of this socio-administrative issue. However, the political and institutional factors affecting public managers’ compensation are still largely unknown. This study shows that the average compensation of central government senior managers in some OECD countries seems to be positively associated with the average salary of members of parliament (MPs). Furthermore, high compensation of public managers seems to be more frequent in countries with low freedom of expression, of association and of the media, as well as low quality of contract enforcement, property rights and control of corruption. These results may provide fruitful insights into the possible causes of this relation, to support reforms and best practices which can improve the efficiency of the public administration in modern economies.     

我国古代封建政权治吏略论

人类历史上文官制度的创始者归为中国,而尤为封建官吏制度备受世人推崇。中国古代的封建官吏制度是中国 古代封建政治制度的一个重要组成部分,它对封建制国家的产生、发达产生过重要影响。试图从中国古代封建官 吏的选任、考核、奖惩、监察等方面揭示一些带有共性的,已被历史证明是成功的,可供我们现在参考、倦鉴的一些 法律和制度。     

落实罪犯的劳动报酬之我见

尽管监狱法明确规定监狱应当对参加劳动的罪犯给予报酬,但12年来这一规定并不能够得到很好落实。究其原因,一方面,财政拨款不足,“皇粮”和“囚粮”不能足额发放,罪犯的生产劳动成为推动监狱运转的力量之一,从而导致监狱经济捉襟见肘,没有足够的财力为罪犯发放劳动报酬;另一方面,监狱企业困难重重,无米下锅、找不到合适的米下锅的情况十分普遍。对此,应落实监狱法的规定,提高对罪犯劳动报酬制的认识,将罪犯劳动报酬划分为给国家、给社区和给罪犯个人三个部分。加大财政保障和监企分开的力度,为罪犯劳动报酬发放提供经济基础。