论植物人的法律人格及权利行使和保护

Although human vegetables lose their capacities of will and do not have the intrinsic attribute of civil subjects, they still have legal personalities and the status of civil subjects. The law has not provided for defects of their legal personalities, and thus civil law shall include human vegetables as objects of guardianship. The system of adult guardianship shall be constructed to supplement and correct the legal personalities of human vegetables. When human vegetables enter into a permanent vegetative state or state of brain death, law may declare the termination of legal personalities of the human vegetable. Due to the unique life state and capacity of act of human vegetables, the exercise of their civil rights faces a series of legal difficulties and challenges, mainly involving important issues such as the right of treatment for life rescue, marital right and reproductive right. The civil law shall ensure that the civil right of human vegetables can be fully enjoyed and effectively protected. Zhang Li, associate professor in civil and business law at Fujian Normal University, and also an invited researcher on civil law, international economic law and international private law, co-operated with Law School of Renmin University of China. Till now, she’s already released 23 theses in law journals and a monograph of the Survey of International Private Law. In addition, she was a member in doing studies (2006) on the legislation of Chinese tort law and presides over the researching (2007) of the legal personality and rights of disabled persons.     

《民法典》中定作人任意解除权的适用要件与法律效果

《民法典》第787条以现行《合同法》第268条为基础,对定作人任意解除权作出了规定。该制度的规范目的在于保护定作人利益,并避免社会资源浪费,任意解除权应限于承揽合同的定作人,不应类推适用于建设工程施工合同的发包人。在时间要件上,该解除权只能在承揽工作完成之前行使;在主观要件上,定作人行使任意解除权时应排除承揽人违约的情形。定作人行使任意解除权应符合解除权的行使程序,但在行使效果上,应注意其与法定解除权的区分。定作人行使任意解除权在本质上是一种须承担对价的单方终止,对该条所定的赔偿范围,应采“报酬请求权”解释,即承揽人有权请求合同约定的报酬以及因合同解除而增加的费用,但其因合同解除而节约的成本应予扣除。     

论代理人的佣金请求权

代理制度涉及三方法律关系,权利义务关系复杂,而代理人的佣金请求权问题,世界各国法律均无规定或欠发达,这造成了实务上的困难。对佣金的支付时点进行了类型化分析,并认为代理关系终止后,代理人仍可请求本人依据重复交易量盈利额的一定比例支付佣金。     

公司终止后环境侵权责任承担机制探析--以受害人损失弥补为视角

环境侵权损害通常具有潜伏性和滞后性的特点，其损害后果往往要经过较长的潜伏期才会显现出来。公司在存续期间的污染行为，其损害后果可能直到公司终止后才最终显现出来。为弥补环境受害人的损失，维护社会的和谐稳定，需要在公司和社会两个层面建立公司终止后环境侵权责任承担机制。     

论违约行使土地使用权的法律后果——以私法规范在行政管理中的应用为视角

按规定用途、规划条件及动工期限利用土地，并非根源于土地使用权出让合同的私法义务，而实质上是土地使用权人所负公法义务进入私法领域后的一种变脸。因此，不能纯粹以私法思维解释违约行使土地使用权的法律后果。当土地使用者违约行使权利时，土地行政管理部门应责令限期改正，并视违约或违法情况，采取必要的行政强制措施，并可施以罚款。如果穷尽适当的行政强制措施或行政处罚仍不能制止违法用地行为，土地行政管理部门可以私法方式解除出让合同，终止土地使用权，并要求土地使用者支付惩罚性违约金或赔偿金。     

劳动合同解除中的“三金”适用——兼论我国《劳动合同法》的立法态度

劳动合同解除中的违约金、赔偿金、经济补偿金这三种金钱交付形式虽有一定的牵连关系,但三者的性质、功能、适用条件都不尽相同,需要予以澄清。而且,在劳动合同解除中,“三金”常有被滥用或扭曲适用的现象,也需要加以纠正。通过完善我国劳动立法,规范与保障“三金”的正确适用,对于充分发挥劳动法的调整功能,维护劳动关系当事人的合法权益,具有重要的现实意义。从应然立法态度来看,我国《劳动合同法》应否定或严格限制违约金的适用;应该适当扩充赔偿金的适用范围;应严格将经济补偿金限制在劳动合同解除情形,否定劳动合同终止情形的适用。     

侦查终结程序改革研究

两大法系在关于侦查终结的程序上存在着观念和立法实践上的差距。由于在传统上深受大陆职权式诉讼模式的影响,我国现行刑事诉讼法对侦查终结程序的规定是典型的职权式的,在侦查期间的设置和补充侦查的规定方面存在着较大问题,亟待改革、完善。     

"解除条件"与"解除合同的条件"关系辨析--兼析《中华人民共和国合同法》第45条与第93条的区别

<中华人民共和国合同法>第45条中的"解除条件"和第93条中的"解除合同的条件",它们的含义、范围、作用及其法律后果不同,极易造成混淆."解除条件"是合同效力的附款,它本身不能成为当事人的合同义务,其成就合同效力自动终止."解除合同的条件",可以是当事人的合同义务,也可以不是,其成就仅导致解除权成立,合同终止另需当事人行使该解除权.     

风险负担规则与合同解除

学说和立法草案多有以合同解除制度吸收风险负担规则的主张,在我国司法实践中,两者的交错也带来了法律适用上的困惑。合同解除制度和风险负担规则具有各自的优势领域,解除一元论和并存模式是目前具有代表性的两种制度安排。在我国合同法采并存模式的背景下,风险由债务人负担时可择一适用,但需就解除权期间、清算关系中的诉讼时效、风险负担抗辩等问题作出特别处理。风险由债权人负担时应当否定债权人的解除权。瑕疵给付时的解除与风险负担应适用合同法第148条、第149条的规定,但在立法论上有重新斟酌的必要。持续性合同可类推适用租赁合同的规定或部分解除制度。清算关系中的风险分配可有限制地准用合同法第148条的规定。     

A SECOND CHANCE FOR CHILDREN AND FAMILIES: A MODEL STATUTE TO REINSTATE PARENTAL RIGHTS AFTER TERMINATION

There are more than half a million children in foster care in the United States. Some of these children are adopted into loving families, but many are considered hard to adopt and never find a permanent family. Research suggests that the outlook for the teens who exit or age out of foster care without a permanent home or a meaningful adult relationship is bleak. They are more likely to face homelessness, joblessness, drug addiction, early pregnancy, mental health problems, and prison time. With such grim statistics, states should explore every possible permanent family resource for youth in foster care. This Note proposes that, in limited circumstances, it is in the best interest of the child to vacate a final order of termination and reinstate parental rights. It calls for states to adopt a model state statute based on the five state statutes currently in place that already allow for the reinstatement of parental rights.