肺动脉血栓栓塞的法医学鉴定

本文通过对相关文献的回顾,从病因学、病理学及法医学实践方面对肺动脉血栓栓塞作出总结,希望对临床医生及法医学工作者提供一些帮助.     

Fatal Acute Hemorrhagic Bowel Infarction Caused by Mesenteric Venous Thrombosis

Acute mesenteric venous thrombosis (MVT) is a rare, but life‐threatening medical phenomenon. MVT is normally characterized by insidious onset, with nonspecific signs and symptoms. A high index of clinical suspicion is required for diagnosis, and emergency surgery is necessary to optimize the chances of patient survival, especially in the people aged more than 70 years. Surprisingly, based on my review of the literature, no fatal acute MVT case has been reported in the forensic literature. All reported such cases have been documented in medical literature, and most of them have been associated with underlying risk factors for venous thrombosis, such as hypercoagulable state, certain cancers, and stasis of the blood flow. Here, I report the case of a sudden unexpected death due to extensive intestinal ischemia and infarction with massive abdominal hemorrhage caused by acute MVT in a 72‐year‐old man without known underlying risk factors.     

Is There a Relationship Between Bladder Outlet Obstruction due to Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Pulmonary Thromboembolism?

Benign prostatic hyperplasia with chronic bladder outlet obstruction has been associated with deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and fatal pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE). To evaluate this further, 60 autopsy cases of men with PTE were compared with 60 age-matched controls. The criteria for outlet obstruction were macroscopic prostatic enlargement with bladder trabeculation and benign prostatic hyperplasia on microscopy. Ten of the 60 men (16.7%) with fatal PTE had evidence of bladder outlet obstruction (age 57-78 years; mean 71.4 years). Of the 60 controls, 12 had evidence of bladder outlet obstruction (20%) (age 67-86 years; mean 75.5 years). No significant relationship could be demonstrated between bladder outlet obstruction and fatal PTE cases (p = 0.8). Given reports of this association, however, it is possible that bladder distension with venous compression may act as a risk modifier in certain individuals in association with other significant comorbidities, but this risk appears low.     

下肢深静脉血栓形成的临床法医学鉴定

下肢深静脉血栓形成是交通损伤后常见的并发症,其伤病关系和伤残等级的鉴定是法医学鉴定的难点之一。在下肢深静脉血栓形成发展至下肢深静脉血栓后综合征时,下肢深静脉发生了血栓的堵塞、瓣膜和静脉壁的破坏,致循环系统和下肢功能障碍,严重影响伤者的生活质量和工作能力。本文通过文献回顾,分析不同类型下肢深静脉血栓对机体的影响,探讨其伤病关系、评残时机、伤残等级的鉴定方法。     

A Case of Sudden Infant Death Due to Incomplete Kawasaki Disease

Although Kawasaki disease (KD) is a self‐limiting disease, it may cause sudden cardiac death. Diagnosis of KD is principally based on clinical signs; however, some infant cases do not meet the criteria. Such cases are identified as incomplete KD. The sudden death risk in incomplete KD cases is similar to conventional KD. In our 5‐month‐old case, he had been admitted to a hospital for a fever and suppuration at the site of Bacille de Calmette et Guerin (BCG) vaccination. However, after discharge from the hospital, his C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels declined, he got indisposed and died suddenly. A medico‐legal autopsy revealed myocarditis, coronaritis, platelet‐aggregated emboli in coronary arteries, and myocardial degeneration, suggesting that the fatal myocardial infarction was due to thrombus emboli in the coronary arteries. Forensic pathologists therefore should pay attention to the cardiac pathology originated from incomplete KD as a potential cause in cases of sudden infant death.     

Fatal Ischemic Enteritis with Hemorrhage—A Late Complication of Treated Wilms Tumor

A 35‐year‐old man with a history of childhood Wilms tumor successfully treated with radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgery, collapsed and died unexpectedly in hospital following admission for abdominal pain. At autopsy, there was ischemic necrosis of the small intestine with altered blood within the stomach and small intestine. Within the upper abdominal aorta, there was patchy confluent calcific atherosclerosis with extension into the proximal superior mesenteric artery which was occluded by thrombus. Death was attributed to ischemic enteritis of the small intestine caused by mesenteric artery thrombosis complicated by gastrointestinal hemorrhage with aspiration. Localization of atherosclerosis to the radiation field with no significant atherosclerosis elsewhere and the young age of the decedent were supportive of radiation‐induced atherogenesis. Geographically, localized atherosclerosis at autopsy in a tumor survivor should raise the possibility of a treatment‐related side effect that may directly contribute to death many years after the original therapeutic intervention.     

Suture Embolism of the Left Superior Lobar Pulmonary Artery

Endogenous pulmonary thromboemboli are a common cause of noncardiac sudden natural death. Embolism of exogenous material is a rare but potential finding in autopsies following surgeries, medical procedures, penetrating trauma, and nonparenteral drug abuse. This report describes the first case of a suture embolism of the left superior lobar pulmonary artery following complicated abdominal surgery.     

通脉汤预防高危人群围手术期深静脉血栓临床观察

目的 探讨通脉汤运用于深静脉血栓（deep venous thrombosis,DVT）高危人群的创伤后围术期的临床疗效。方法 将90例因外伤股骨闭合粉碎骨折的DVT高危患者,根据不同的治疗方案分为Ⅰ（三七丸+通脉汤）、Ⅱ（三七丸+速碧林）、Ⅲ（三七丸+速碧林+通脉汤）3组,每组30例。观察治疗后各组患者的临床疗效、血液内凝血因素指标变化、DVT发生率。结果 经不同治疗后,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ 3组临床疗效均有显著的效果,但差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。除Ⅱ组患者术后2 d D-二聚体（D-dimer,D-D）、血小板计数（platelet count,PLC）含量较治疗前改变差异无统计学意义外,3组患者术后2 d及术后6 d血液内凝血因素指标含量改变均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;手术后2 d与术后用药6 d 血液D-D 、PLC、抗凝血酶Ⅲ（antithrombin Ⅲ,AT-Ⅲ）、纤维蛋白原（fibrinogen,Fbg）、凝血因子Ⅷ（coagulation factor Ⅷ,FⅧ）含量比较,绝大部分差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,应用通脉汤配合治疗的Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组患者手术后2 d及术后6 d血液内凝血因素指标水平改善程度明显优于Ⅱ组。经不同方案治疗后,3组DVT发生率较为相近,差异并无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 三七丸+通脉汤、三七丸+速碧林、三七丸+速碧林+通脉汤三种方法,均能够有效改善高危人群围手术期D-D、PLC、AT-Ⅲ、Fbg、FⅧ等血液内凝血因素指标水平,继而有效预防围手术期DVT的发生,临床效果均较为显著。     

Lower extremity deep venous thrombosis with fatal pulmonary thromboembolism caused by benign pelvic space-occupying lesions--an overview

Venous stasis predisposes to thrombosis. One hundred and sixty cases of fatal pulmonary thromboembolism were reviewed to determine how many cases had deep venous thromboses associated with venous blood flow reduction caused by external pressure from benign pelvic masses. Three cases were identified, representing 2% of cases overall (3/160): a 44-year-old woman with a large uterine leiomyoma (1048 g); a 74-year-old man with prostatomegaly and bladder distension (containing 1 L of urine); and a 70-year-old man with prostatomegaly and bladder distension (containing 3 L of urine). Although a rare cause of fatal deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary thromboembolism, space-occupying pelvic lesions can lead to extrinsic pressure on adjacent veins reducing blood flow and causing stasis and thrombosis. Individuals with large pelvic masses may, therefore, be at increased risk of pulmonary thromboembolism from deep venous thrombosis, particularly in the presence of concurrent risk factors such as immobility, thrombophilias, malignancy, and significant cardiopulmonary disease.     

Inferior Vena Cava Tumor Thrombosis Secondary to Metastatic Uterine Cancer: A Rare Cause of Sudden Unexpected Death

Pulmonary tumor thromboembolus (PTTE) secondary to uterine cancer is a rare cause of sudden unexpected deaths in the elderly population. Additionally, tumor extension to the inferior vena cava (IVC) makes it rarer. No such cases have been previously reported in the forensic literature. We report this phenomenon in a previously healthy 70‐year‐old woman with no other known risk factors for the development of deep vein thrombosis. The deceased was found dead while watching television with her relatives. Autopsy examination revealed that her death was attributed to a saddle embolus lodged in the main pulmonary arteries. A uterine tumor was discovered, and microscopic examination revealed low‐grade endometrial stromal sarcoma with angiolymphatic invasion. The tumor cells were also found in the embolus and the remnant thrombosis attached to the inner wall of the IVC. This case demonstrates a sudden unexpected death caused by acute PTTE following seeding of uterine cancer into the IVC and raises awareness of such events.