How practices do not matter

Abstract

In his most recent work, Sangiovanni has retreated from his stronger claims about practice-dependence. Instead of claiming that principles of justice must be practice-dependent, he now expresses his claim in a modal form, arguing that there are several ways in which practices may matter. While merely mapping out the logical space of possibilities seems to look like a modest ambition, the conditions for when practices do matter according to Sangiovanni’s analysis are easily met in actuality. Consequently, if he is right, the practice-dependent approach covers a significant number of political theories. Sangiovanni’s main claim is that higher-level principles with an open texture, which include most higher-level principles in political philosophy, justify a practice-dependent method in the form of a mode of application called ‘mediated deduction,’ according to which a thoroughgoing investigation is made of the nature of the target practice. Our task in this paper is to reject this claim. This is done in two steps. First, we question Sangiovanni’s distinction between instrumental application and mediated deduction, arguing that it remains unclear whether it marks out two sufficiently distinct ‘modes’ to do any theoretical work. Second, we argue that the practice-dependent method is not required even if two such modes are established.     

从必要“扣除”的角度审视中国现阶段的按劳分配

经典涵义的按劳分配以单一的生产资料社会主义公有制在经济上的直接实现——必要“扣除”为前提，它不过是生产资料社会主义公有制在经济上的间接实现。社会主义市场经济条件下，所有制结构的多元化以及公有制实现形式的多样化，使得必要“扣除”由分配的前提转变为分配本身，即按公有生产要素分配。现阶段，作为社会主义公有制“背面”的按劳分配，在国民收入的初次分配中，只能以按生产要素分配的方式直接和间接的实现，并在国民收入的再分配领域尽显分配的社会主义性质。     

论代位继承与归扣

被代位人生前从被继承人处受有特种赠与的,其死亡后应由代位继承人负归扣之义务.代位继承人从被继承人处受有特种赠与时,应区分其接受赠与之时期即若代位继承人于被代位人死亡前受有被继承人之特种赠与,则其无须负归扣之义务;若代位继承人于被代位人死亡后继承开始前受有被继承人之特种赠与,则其应负归扣之义务     

Costly,Regressive, and Ineffective: How Sensitive Is Public Support for the Mortgage Interest Deduction in the United States?

ABSTRACT

Although the mortgage interest deduction enjoys broad public support, critics argue that the policy disproportionately benefits wealthy households, fails to expand homeownership opportunities to households on the margins, and costs the federal government an extraordinary amount of money in foregone tax revenue. Drawing on data collected through an online experiment, this analysis tests the sensitivity of public support to these critiques. The findings reveal that support for the mortgage interest deduction declines when respondents are presented with information about the cost, effectiveness, or distribution of benefits associated with the deduction. Support among renters is more sensitive to framing effects than that among homeowners. Republicans are less sensitive to framing effects than Democrats when the deduction is framed as distributing benefits unequally, but more sensitive to these effects when the issue is framed as costly. However, all groups register their lowest level of support when told that the mortgage interest deduction is not an effective tool for expanding ownership opportunities.     

146例体表损伤类型与致伤物分析

目的 探讨致伤物推断的法医学鉴定及其鉴定意见的证据价值.方法 收集1998-2007年间皖南医学院司法鉴定中心受理的致伤物推断案件146例,通过人体体表损伤特征的分析,推断致伤物.并通过推断致伤物与实际致伤物的比较,分析致伤物推断的准确性. 结果根据锐器伤推断致伤物的准确性要比根据钝器伤推断致伤物的准确性高.结论 致伤物推断结果尚存在一定的不确定性,必须结合其他证据,才能作为定案的依据.     

逻辑在科学知识创新中的重要作用

逻辑思维是开启科学知识大门的钥匙,其无论是在自然科学或是社会科学的知识创新活动中均发挥了指导、调控和导航的作用。本文从逻辑思维中的归纳和演绎、逻辑矛盾和类比、数理逻辑与人工智能等方面简述了逻辑思维在科学知识创新中的地位和作用。     

论民事侵权行为的推定及类型化——从抛物行为展开

行为人确定的抛物行为，属一般侵权行为；行为人不确定的抛物行为，责任的确定以行为推定为前提。行为推定以抛物浸权责任为最典型，但不以其为限。行为推定类型化，对于侵权理论研究具有重要的意义。行为推定类型化。需要解决和回答理论和立法实践中的多重问题。     

法律判断形成的模式

Legal decisions are results of the use of law, which includes the application of law and the finding of law, but mainly referring to the latter. In the application of law, facts match norms, and thus legal decisions could be obtained directly through deduction thereof, which is called the deduction mode. However, in the finding of law, since facts are not symmetric to norms, before making judgment through deduction, facts and norms shall be equalized. That is to say, facts shall be generalized and then upgraded to the provisions, while norms shall be concrete and downwards to specific cases, conducting for spiral upwards, which is called equalization mode. Zheng Yongliu, professor at the Institute of Legal Philosophy of China University of Political Science and Law, also a visiting professor at University of Saarland in Germany (till 1996), and a guest professor at Jilin University (since 1998), whose research is focusing on legal philosophy, particularly on the legal methods as well as law and society. Prof. Zheng once published 4 books, i.e., The Orientation of Rural Law in Contemporary China (1991), The Farmers’ Legal Awareness and the Development of Village’s Law (1993), Das Wirtschaftsrecht Chinas (1997) and The Rule of Law: the British and German Origin, International Standards and Its Practices in China (2002). In his published articles, the follows are most dear to his heart: What is Legal Philosophy (1998), the Origin and Evolution of the “Rechtsstaat” in Germany (2000), the Legal Hermeneutics and Its Relationship with the Legal Interpretation (2002), Academic Freedom and Its Enemies (2004), Pluralistische Ordnungen im chinesischen Wirtschaftswandel (German, 2006).     

美国慈善捐赠税收扣除制度的考察与思考

近年来美国在慈善扣除理论与立法上的重要变化尚未引起我国学界的重视。美国慈善扣除制度在实施中暴露出了许多问题,目前美国已有不少研究开始对传统的慈善扣除理论进行批判,美国政府也已经开始对慈善捐赠扣除制度不断进行调整和改革。因此,在完善我国慈善税收激励制度时,在对美国慈善税收扣除立法实践考察的基础上,梳理其理论发展并进行制度反思,除了肯定美国慈善扣除制度对捐赠的激励作用之外,还应当重视当前美国慈善扣除理论方面的变化及制度方面存在的问题,进而合理设计慈善扣除的比例限制,科学设置边际税率,选择适当的慈善税收优惠方式,构建一个科学合理的慈善税收激励政策。     

我国个税项目扣除问题研究

科学设置个税项目扣除条款,是实现混合税制模式的前提条件。取消现有一刀切式的＂起征点＂方式,必须依循法的人本理念、正义价值、公平和效益原则,兼顾各地区、个人特点和我国国情。研究个税项目扣除问题,关键是要对个人有用所得、劳动所得适用较高的扣除,限制无用所得、资本所得的扣除,禁止第三人在内的各行为主体利用个税项目扣除诈取可得利益,最终实现个税法缓解两极分化矛盾,实现共同富裕的宏观调控功能。