抢劫罪与敲诈勒索罪的区别比较

抢劫罪与敲诈勒索罪同为侵犯财产的常见犯罪,抢劫罪是采用暴力或以暴力为内容的胁迫当场强行劫取公私财物的行为;敲诈勒索罪可以是采用暴力或暴力威胁强索财物,也可以用其他威胁或要挟手段当场或在其他场合索取财物。两者容易混淆,但在犯罪要件上各有不同。     

A Test of Generalizability of the Social Development Model Across Gender and Income Groups with Longitudinal Data from the Elementary School Developmental Period

The social development model (SDM) is a theory of behavior that has proven useful in explaining the etiology of delinquency, violence, and substance use among adolescents as well as early antisocial behavior among pre-adolescents. A further test of the model is its generalizability across population groups. A section of the SDM representing prosocial influences in the etiology of problem behavior was compared for boys and girls and for children from low- and non low-income families using three waves of child, parent and teacher survey data on a sample of 851 elementary school students. Multiple group structural equation modeling was used to assess differences across groups in both measurement of model constructs and hypothesized structural paths between constructs. The results indicate overall similarity in the reliability of measurement models and validity of structural models.     

中日爱国主义教育思想的比较思考

中日两国由于受社会本位、整体主义以及国家主义的东方伦理的影响,两国都具有爱国心教育的历史和传统。但是两国的爱国主义教育思想还是有其各自民族的特色和差异。例如,两国爱国主义教育的抽象性和具体性的不同;两国爱国主义教育的由远至近与由近至远的不同;更重要的是两国的爱国教育与民族危机的关系的差异,即日本的爱国主义教育的两面性,一方面既与振兴民族、富国强兵思想相关联,另一方面更显示出其强烈的军国主义的侵略性特征。中国的爱国主义教育则往往是与救亡图存、摆脱被侵略奴役的悲惨命运相关联。     

Gender and Disorder Specific Criminal Career Profiles in Former Adolescent Psychiatric In-Patients

A Norwegian nation-wide sample of 1087 former adolescent psychiatric in-patients, 584 males and 503 females, were followed up 15–33 years after first hospitalization. On the basis of detailed hospital records from index hospitalization all were rediagnosed according to DSM-IV. The patient list was linked to the national criminal register and the diagnostic groups were compared as to gender-specific frequency of registered criminality. Next, the criminal career characteristics were compared in those with criminal records at follow-up, relative to mental disorder at index hospitalization. The prevalence of registered criminality, both overall and for specific types of crimes, differed significantly between diagnostic groups and between genders. In both genders criminal convictions were most frequent in disruptive behavior disorders and personality disorders. Among males, the lowest violent crime rate was observed in those with psychotic disorders. Males had more severe criminal careers than females, both quantitatively and qualitatively. The diagnoses and criminal profiles of the 10 most active criminals in the study sample were described closer, as were the 11 individuals found guilty of homicide.     

美国和欧盟正在分道扬镳吗?--关于文化的概念及文化差异的思考

文化可以定义为一个成规系统,借助这一概念,可以将文化区分为不同的类别,从而清晰地描述和阐释两种或几种文化之间的同异。在伊拉克战争中的不同表现,凸显了美国与欧盟文化层面上的歧异,有学者将之归结为具有"现代"与"后现代"特征的战略文化之间的不同,这种观点值得进一步辨析。文化成规不是一成不变的,美国与欧盟的战略文化也必将随着全球语境的变化而变化。     

城乡统筹:城乡协调发展的政策机制

本文在分析城乡协调发展与城乡统筹的关系的同时,明确指出实施城乡统筹是先进生产力发展的必然要求,城乡统筹的实际含义是建立城乡协调发展的政策机制。在此基础上,本文就统一领导和统一管理、增强服务性管理职能和缩减控制性行政权力,以及保障和落实农民生产资料所有权等问题,分析了政府在城乡统等方面的改革路径。     

促进城乡协调发展:构建和谐社会的重大课题

城乡协调发展是构建和谐社会一项重大课题。近年来,城乡差距的不断扩大引起了社会各界的高度关注。从深层次看,城乡二元结构是造成这一问题的体制性根源。要从根本上缩小城乡差距,促进城乡协调发展,必须破除城乡分离的体制障碍。     

The Gender Differences in Final Year Undergraduates＇ Salary Expectations： A Perspective of Gender Role Socialization

本文选取华中地区一高校,采用顺序式解释性混合研究设计来探讨大学生薪水期望的性别差异问题。通过问卷调查,笔者发现男大学生对第一份工作的薪水期望显著高于女大学生。结合问卷调查结果和深度访谈资料,本文认为大学生薪水期望的性别差异与大学生的家庭性别角色观念有着比较密切的联系。本研究发现：即使受过高等教育,大学生仍然持有一些传统的家庭性别角色观念,如他们认为男性应该主要承担养家户口的责任;而女性则无须承担此责任,她们成家后的重心应该在家庭上。最后,本文从以下3个方面来讨论此结论：传统＂男主外,女主内＂的家庭性别角色分工观念的影响;传统文化关于性别观念的复兴以及女大学生的主体意识薄弱。     

人工智能技术发展对城乡收入差距的影响

人工智能技术在提高全要素生产率方面发挥积极效果，为经济良性发展打下基础。但人工智能技术在为经济发展提供新动能的同时，也可能对就业结构、收入分配等方面产生负面影响。受户籍制度与优先发展工业等政策因素影响，国内城市劳动力技能水平优于农村，且国内收入差距主要在城乡收入差距上展现。使用人工智能专利申请信息构造衡量地区人工智能技术发展指标，实证研究发现，人工智能技术的快速发展扩大了省级层面的城乡收入差距。因此，在积极推动人工智能技术快速发展的同时也应重视人工智能技术发展带给中低技能劳动者的就业压力，着力解决再就业问题，共享人工智能技术红利，实现人、技术与经济的和谐发展。     

创业女性性别角色认定的特征及差异研究

虽然男性的创业数量比女性高,但性别本身并不影响创业,真正影响创业的是个体的性别角色认定。对225名创业女性进行研究,发现创业女性的性别角色认定与普通女性有着显著的不同,女性化所占比例不到1/4,而男性化、双性化所占比例则超过50%。就性别角色认定的结构而言,创业女性拥有男性化特征竞争、力量、自治、进取及女性化的特征友好、共感、率真,并且在力量、自治、进取、友好及率真方面存在差异。