To block or not to block: European approaches to content regulation,and implications for freedom of expression

Based on the limited effectiveness of state laws, and lack of harmonization at international level a number of states started to introduce policies to block access to Internet content and websites deemed illegal which are situated outside their legal jurisdiction. However, blocking policies are not always subject to due process principles, decisions are not necessarily taken by the courts of law, and often administrative bodies or Internet hotlines run by the private sector decide which content or website should be subject to blocking. Therefore, increasingly, the compatibility of blocking action is questioned with regards to the fundamental right of freedom of expression. This article assesses significant developments at the pan-European level with regards to the development, and implementation of Internet content blocking policies. Adaptation of content blocking policies from certain member states of both the European Union and the Council of Europe will be used to assess the nature and implementation of access blocking policies. It will be argued that there could be a breach of Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights if blocking measures or filtering tools are used at state level to silence politically motivated speech on the Internet.     

浅谈高校创先争优活动中发挥教师党员的主体作用

党员是党的活动的主体，高校党员教师的主体作用能否充分发挥，是高校开展创先争优活动的重点。文章对如何发挥党员教师的主体作用进行探讨。     

巧用EXCEL函数管理学生宿舍

本文用实例说明Excel函数在宿舍管理中的应用,包括数据合并,数据的查询等几个案例,以此减轻管理工作量,提高工作效率。     

论国有企业创先争优与提升企业竞争力的同构性

创先争优是国有企业党组织保持先进性和纯洁性的根本要求,是巩固党的基层组织建设的重要目标,也是提升企业核心竞争力、创建一流企业的有效载体。基于国有企业党的建设和经营发展两个系统中创先争优与提升竞争力的同构性,以及打造世界一流企业的主题,把创先争优内化为企业文化和人的品质,必将形成创建一流企业、推动企业科学发展的持久的强大的动力。     

The State of the Art of Child Hearings in Germany. Results of a Nationwide Representative Study in German Courts

According to German family law, in family court proceedings that deal with custody or access rights, family judges are obligated to personally hear the child if the feelings, ties, or will of the child are significant for the decision. In a research study commissioned by the Federal Ministry of Justice, a nationwide representative survey of all judges compiled their personal information and their attitudes and expectations as well as various parameters regarding the concrete practice of hearing children. Also, with a very complex methodological design, over 50 children and their parents were studied one week in advance of the hearing, directly before and after the hearing, and four weeks following the hearing. The results of the study are presented, particularly those pertaining to the burden and relief for the children and the expectations of judges. The practical experiences of family judges in personally hearing children are included as well.     

EXCEL在交通事故分析中的应用

交通安全问题已引起了世界各国的重视,每个国家都在寻求和探索降低交通事故发生率的良策。我国是一个发展中国家,在相当长的一段时间内还会面临着严重的交通安全问题。EXCEL是一种简便、易操作的计算机软件,可以利用EXCEL的数据分析功能,求出道路交通事故中某些推测数据与多因素之间的比例关系,对道路交通事故分析有所帮助。     

The security of access to accounts under the PSD2

The revised Payment Services Directive (‘PSD2’) has been adopted to stimulate the development of an integrated internal market for payment services. In particular, it facilitates payment initiation services and account information services by granting the providers of these services access to the accounts of the payment service users. At the same time, the recitals state that the PSD2 guarantees a high level of consumer protection, security of payment transactions and protection against fraud.This paper answers the following question: To what extent does the access to accounts of the payment initiation service providers and account information service providers balance the development of the market for payment services with the security of the payment account and the privacy of the user? An analysis of the PSD2 shows that the development of the market for payment services has a higher priority. Security and privacy are ultimately subordinate.First, the PSD2 does not adequately protect the personal data of the users. The definition of ‘account information service’ is broad and covers a wide range of services. This allows the payment service providers to circumvent the limitations of the access to accounts.Next, the payment service providers have a ‘fall back option’ that allows ‘screen scraping’ if the dedicated interface is not functioning properly. Although this access is constrained by several safeguards, the fall back option gives the payment services provider unlimited access to the account of the user.Finally, the payment service providers have considerable freedom to arrange their authentication process as they see fit. The banks seem to be required to trust this process. The PSD2 and regulatory technical standards do not demand that a bank is able to verify the authentication or the integrity of the payment order.     

中国民事诉讼立案程序的功能与结构

我国现行诉讼程序在总体框架上呈现结构分立而功能交汇的特征,立案程序在司法行政管理体系上独立于审判程序而在功能上与审判程序混为一体,在当下大调解模式下更与诉外解纷程序之间混沌不清。本文以区分司法的社会责任与职业责任为基础,强调立案程序在区分咨询性质的起诉与起诉意向明确的起诉时不同态度,同时确立了我国诉讼要件审查标准,即须有争议存在,且争议具有民事性(平等主体之间)和法律性,从而为转型时期的中国将非典型案件逐步转化为具有可诉性的案件提供可资参考的抽象标准。     

知情权与信息获取权——以英美为比较法基础的概念界分

知情权与信息获取权是两个不同的概念,在我国行政法学界有被混淆的倾向。以英美为基础的比较法视野看,两者在逻辑结构、规范表述和制度印证层面,都有着不同的特质。这对概念的界分,已然构成其信息自由立法理念的奠基。以此来反思概念混淆对我国现行《政府信息公开条例》在规范结构、立法理念和制度建构中的可能影响。并以概念界分为契机,指向未来更为完善的政府信息公开立法。     

电视购物发展对策探析

作为一种新兴的营销模式,电视购物符合人们快节奏的生活方式,在我国有着较大的发展空间。但是目前,电视购物在我国的发展过程中存在着许多问题,这在一定程度上制约了电视购物的发展。为此国家应健全相关法律,加强监管,电视购物企业自身要诚信经营,以促进电视购物行业的健康发展。