证据法的基本权利保障取向

证据法的理性主义传统,既要求通过理性证明的方式去查明事实真相,而非诉诸神明和暴力;又不以追求真相为最高目的,而是将其视为实现正义的手段.这种理性传统,决定了法治国家证据制度具有求真、求善的双重功能,并将公正奉为首要价值,从而奠定了基本权利保障的价值取向.我国证据法学研究和证据制度建设正在经历从义务本位向权利本位转型,权...     

Why Do States Commission the Truth? Political Considerations in the Establishment of African Truth and Reconciliation Commissions

Although the use of truth and reconciliation commissions (TRCs) has grown considerably over the last 3 decades, there is still much that we do not know concerning the choice and the structuring of TRCs. While the literature has focused primarily on the effects of TRCs, we examine the domestic and the international factors influencing the choice of a commission in sub-Saharan Africa from 1974 to 2003 using pooled cross-sectional time series. We find that states which adopted a TRC prior to South Africa were generally repressive centralized regimes which used the truth commission as political cover. However, since South Africa’s TRC, democratizing states have been more likely to adopt a truth commission as a form of transitional justice.

坚持实事求是 推进理论创新

党的十八大政治报告指出：“实践发展永无止境，认识真理永无止境，理论创新永无止境。”这给广大党员干部加强实践、抓好理论武装指明了方向。党员干部要不断强化理论武装，坚持实事求是，勇于实践，积极推进党的理论创新。     

情报研究中的五个重要问题

情报研究中有五个重要的理论问题。传统情报观念对国家情报、情报评估、知彼知己、实事求是、情报与决策关系等问题的认识存在误区。厘清这五个问题，对我们认识情报世界、改进我们的情报工作极有帮助。     

存真求实 去伪辟谬——试谈回忆录的鉴别

回忆录不仅能够弥补文献记载的不足,而且还能提供更为丰富的素材和生动的细节,甚至能订正文献记载的讹误.大体而言,回忆录的失真有两种情况:有意作伪和无意失真.鉴别回忆录的最高准则是尊重事实,在阅读和研究过程中必须存真求实,去伪辟谬.     

科学与法律领域的真相

审判过程并非仅仅是为了"查明真相"。自从美国的法律系统开始使用科学证人以来,法律领域就面临着混乱的局面。自从Frye规则到Daubert标准再到Kumho Tire标准,乃至发展为修改后的《联邦证据规则》702条,尽管法律系统经历了上述诸多努力,人们仍然不会相信法律系统能够从科学信息中获得预期的收益。科学主张和理论或真或假,它们的真或假是一个客观的问题。法律裁决可以断定法律真理为真,也可以断定"所谓的科学真理"为真。只有科学命题所描述的自然界现象和事件的性质——而非有关证据可靠性的法律裁决,也非法庭上的论证和交叉询问——能够证明真的科学命题为真,证明假的科学命题为假。     

实事求是艰难性的认识结构分析及其求解对策

实事求是之所以出现理论与实践的二律背反 ,源于实事求是实现过程中存在着诸多、甚至是难以克服的制约因素。从认识论上看 ,造成实事求是艰难性有主体、客体和中介三方面因素     

Can justice be achieved for slave descendents in Mauritius?

This article discusses challenges to achieving justice for slave descendents in Mauritius 177 years after the abolition of slavery. It reflects on the 2009 institution of a Truth and Justice Commission (TJC) in Mauritius to investigate the legacies of slavery and indentured labour. It is argued that time, the ethnic and cultural complexity of Mauritius as well as the TJC itself makes it difficult for Mauritians to achieve restorative justice for slave descendents. Reviewing transitional and restorative justice, the article argues that the Mauritius case study is potentially useful to reflections on the issue of social justice for ancient atrocities and for reflections on the challenges of reparations in complex and democratic societies. It concludes that the greater participation of civil society is required in decisions regarding reparations and that such decisions need to be grounded in contemporary and democratic approaches to achieving justice and the protection of human rights.     

《虚假的事实》:印度民族自我的“寓言”

耶谢巴尔是印度现当代进步主义文学的代表作家,他的创作以现实主义的描绘,关注祖国和民族的前途与命运,表现出强烈的爱国主义精神和人道主义情怀。他创作于20世纪50年代的长篇小说《虚假的事实》,以印度独立前后纷繁复杂的社会现实为背景,通过生动的情节和艺术的形象体系,以文学虚构叙述,重新建构印度的"民族自我",是后殖民语境中印度民族自我的"寓言"。小说在印巴分治、教族冲突的民族灾难反思中,提出正视现实,清理殖民统治带来的文化后果,革除独立政府新权贵的种种弊政,经过历史风雨的洗礼后,建设一个进步繁荣、平等团结、理性奉献、自力更生、代表民众利益和愿望的新的民族自我。这个"民族自我"在小说主人公达拉与和布兰身上得到"寓言"式的体现,达拉的经历和命运是印度民族的象征性写照,她勤勉温雅、宽容仁慈、正直清廉的性格,是新的"民族自我"的人格化。小说的构思也艺术地体现了寻求"民族自我"的突出特点:在历史框架中虚构情节,民族知识分子聚会,本土风习描写,坚信民族光明前程的结局。小说在表现耶谢巴尔一贯的创作思想和艺术风格的同时,鲜明地体现了探讨"民族自我"的主题。     

Level Two Negotiations: Helping the Other Side Meet Its “Behind‐the‐Table” Challenges

A long analytic tradition has explored the challenge of productively synchronizing “internal” with “external” negotiations, with a special focus on how each side can best manage internal opposition to agreements negotiated “at the table.” Implicit in much of this work has been the view that each side's leadership is best positioned to manage its own internal conflicts, often by pressing for deal terms that will overcome internal objections and by effectively “selling” the agreement to key constituencies. Far less frequently have analysts considered how each side can help the other side with its “behind‐the‐table” barriers to successful agreement. Following Robert Putnam's two‐level games schema, I characterize such “behind‐the‐table” or “Level Two” barriers more broadly, offer several innovative examples of how each side can help the other overcome them, and develop more general advice on doing so most effectively. As a fuller illustration of a Level Two negotiator helping the other side with its formidable behind‐the‐table challenges, I pay special attention to the end‐of‐Cold‐War negotiations over German reunification in which former American Secretary of State James Baker played a key role.