19世纪初期江南华娄地区的农家饲养业

19世纪初,江南华娄地区的饲养业是农业的一个重要组成部分,包括家畜(牛、猪)、家禽(鸡、鸭)和家鱼。从对这种饲养业的定量研究中可以看出,无论是投入还是产出,农家饲养业已成为当地农业经济的重要组成部分。如果没有这种饲养业,农家经济就无法存在下去。     

猪源隐孢子虫感染小鼠模型的建立

应用不同醋酸地塞米松剂量和不同猪源隐孢子虫sucp株卵囊剂量建立了昆明系小鼠感染模型。结果表明,用DEX免疫抑制的感染小鼠均排出隐孢子虫卵囊,非免疫抑制感染组和空白对照组小鼠均没有排出卵囊。卵囊排出高峰期平均在感染后第5~12 d,高峰期的OPG值为5.53×105~17.97×105。组织切片和扫描电镜观察结果显示,在十二指肠、空肠和回肠都有隐孢子虫虫体寄生,其中回肠黏膜微绒毛上的虫体数量较多。合适的卵囊和DEX剂量为每只17日龄小白鼠感染10×105个猪源隐孢子虫卵囊和灌胃DEX 0.03 mg/d。     

中国化妆品动物试验立法完善——与欧盟立法比较

对化妆品进行安全性评价及数据分析,离不开动物试验。欧盟最早通过立法规范化妆品动物试验,对他国相关立法具有重要的指导和借鉴意义。中国作为世界第三大化妆品市场,如果不禁止化妆品动物试验,不仅将面临化妆品动物福利贸易壁垒,而且无法进口未经动物试验的化妆品。中国应通过立法鼓励化妆品生产商使用动物“替代方法”研发新产品,并逐步禁止化妆品动物试验。     

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Children’s attitudes towards animal cruelty: Exploration of predictors and socio-demographic variations

ABSTRACT

Assessing the risk for animal cruelty is imperative, yet understudied and problematic due to the sensitivity of the topic. Early prevention is critical, yet very little research examines cruelty when it first appears in childhood. The aim of this study was to explore children’s attitudes towards types of animal cruelty, to investigate potential demographic differences, and to examine potential associations between acceptance of cruelty and cognitive and affective factors that place children ‘at-risk’ for cruelty perpetration. Questionnaire data was collected from 1127 children in schools. The results indicate that cruelty attitudes are predicted by some demographic variables such as urban living, being male, younger age and not having pets, but depend on the type of animal cruelty. Acceptance of cruelty predicted low compassion and low reported humane behaviour towards animals. Acceptance of cruelty was predicted by negative attitudes towards animals, lower beliefs in animal minds and low attachment to pets, signifying the importance of targeting such variables in future prevention programmes. This study is an original contribution to research into childhood animal cruelty in the general population, with implications for designing and implementing early prevention programmes that tackle problematic attitudes to cruelty.     

Paving the way for farm animal welfare in international relations: an EU–Brazil case study

As a sensitive area in international trade, animal welfare measures have encountered resistance in negotiations at the World Trade Organization (WTO). Consequently, alternative avenues have been pursued to reach international trade policy convergence. To further understand the contemporary trade politics of animal welfare, an empirical investigation was conducted on the interplay between European and Brazilian actors in the context of livestock production. By drawing upon diplomatic studies and the global governance literature, this study identifies and analyses initiatives that parallel the WTO approach and through which the development and implementation of mutually acceptable farm animal welfare measures have been pursued. Research findings indicate that a constellation of international non-diplomatic actors are currently engaged in influencing the future development of farm animal welfare measures. Among the initiatives that enable the alignment of European and Brazilian animal welfare policies and practices, there are soft instruments such as knowledge sharing and private standards. The rise of new actors and the use of soft instruments have been, to a certain extent, able to mitigate the tardiness of a WTO consensus regarding the use of animal welfare measures. However, there are concerns that the use of private standards has become a shortcut to circumvent the rigours of the multilateral trading system. This concern deserves a closer look because instead of paving the way, private standards may hamper trade relations which in turn hamper progress in animal welfare matters.     

论动植物检疫徇私舞弊罪

通过对动植物检疫徇私舞弊罪的概念和构成要件特征进行分析,结合司法实践阐释本罪认定应注意的若干问题,并详尽论述本罪与相关罪的罪数形态问题.     

‘Animals first!’ The rise of animal advocacy parties in the EU: a new party family

‘Euro Animal 7’ is the name given informally to 7 animal protection parties which represent voters in Cyprus, Germany, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and United Kingdom. These parties contested in the 2014 European Parliament (EP) election and gained representation in Germany and the Netherlands. Animal advocacy parties are also represented in the national parliaments of Portugal and the Netherlands.

Animal protection is an emergent issue in international politics and this research offers an account of the political positioning of these animal advocacy parties, analyzing their manifestos and the election results. While acknowledging that some parties have distinct ideological traits and some are still reclusive in the form of a single-issue party, this article argues that animal advocacy parties constitute a new party family in European politics.     

Implications of Genital Mutilation at Autopsy

Given the potential significance of mutilation of the external genitalia in medicolegal fatalities, a review of the literature was undertaken to identify subcategories. Such mutilations may have been sustained sometime before death, around the time of death, or after death. The most common type of ante mortem genital mutilations involves cultural practices such as male circumcision. Less common male mutilations such as subincisions are tribally based. Female genital mutilation is found particularly in African, Middle Eastern, or Asian populations. Self‐inflicted genital injuries are most common in males and may be related to attempts at suicide, or to self‐harming practices. The latter have a strong association with psychiatric illnesses. Postmortem injuries may arise from animal predation or deliberate mutilation of a corpse. The latter may be associated with ante mortem genital injuries in sadistic homicides. The range of possible causes of genital mutilations in forensic cases necessitates extremely careful evaluation.     

一株致猪胃溃疡大肠杆菌的分离鉴定

四川某猪场暴发保育猪与育肥猪水样腹泻,病理剖解可见胃黏膜大面积脱落、胃溃疡等症状,采集病死猪扁桃体与肠系膜淋巴结进行病毒检测;以肠内容物做寄生虫卵检测;选取其中一代表病例做细菌分离,经小鼠致死试验、仔猪回归试验确定病原菌,并对病原菌进行了形态学观察、生化鉴定、16SrDNA序列分析及药敏试验。结果显示,猪瘟病毒、伪狂犬病病毒等的检测结果为阴性;无寄生虫感染;从十二指肠内容物中分离到1株疑似致病性大肠杆菌,并命名为SCDC-1。用SCDC-1株人工感染健康仔猪成功复制出水样腹泻、胃溃疡病例。对SCDC-1株进行16SrDNA克隆测序,并与GenBank中的8株肠杆菌科和4株巴氏杆菌科菌株的16S基因进行同源性分析,发现SCDC-1株与大肠杆菌16S基因的相似性高达99.5%～99.9%。药敏试验结果显示,该病原菌仅对头孢曲松钠、头孢吡肟、丁胺卡那霉素敏感。试验结果证实,引起此次保育猪与育肥猪胃溃疡的主要病原为致病性大肠杆菌。