DOES CRIME JUST MOVE AROUND THE CORNER? A CONTROLLED STUDY OF SPATIAL DISPLACEMENT AND DIFFUSION OF CRIME CONTROL BENEFITS*

Recent studies point to the potential theoretical and practical benefits of focusing police resources on crime hot spots. However, many scholars have noted that such approaches risk displacing crime or disorder to other places where programs are not in place. Although much attention has been paid to the idea of displacement, methodological problems associated with measuring it have often been overlooked. We try to fill these gaps in measurement and understanding of displacement and the related phenomenon of diffusion of crime control benefits. Our main focus is on immediate spatial displacement or diffusion of crime to areas near the targeted sites of an intervention. Do focused crime prevention efforts at places simply result in a movement of offenders to areas nearby targeted sites—“do they simply move crime around the corner”? Or, conversely, will a crime prevention effort focusing on specific places lead to improvement in areas nearby—what has come to be termed a diffusion of crime control benefits? Our data are drawn from a controlled study of displacement and diffusion in Jersey City, New Jersey. Two sites with substantial street‐level crime and disorder were targeted and carefully monitored during an experimental period. Two neighboring areas were selected as “catchment areas” from which to assess immediate spatial displacement or diffusion. Intensive police interventions were applied to each target site but not to the catchment areas. More than 6,000 20‐minute social observations were conducted in the target and catchment areas. They were supplemented by interviews and ethnographic field observations. Our findings indicate that, at least for crime markets involving drugs and prostitution, crime does not simply move around the corner. Indeed, this study supports the position that the most likely outcome of such focused crime prevention efforts is a diffusion of crime control benefits to nearby areas.     

大学生"热点"教育的过程选择与价值归正

随着社会主义市场经济的发展,高校面临的思想政治教育环境日益复杂,高校思想政治道德教育必须要结合社会发展的实际情况进行不断的发展与创新。其中,关键是要注重解决现实问题,尤其要通过对社会热点问题的分析,对大学生急于了解和关注的社会热点、焦点问题,给予科学引导和分析,使思想政治道德教育具有较强的实践性和时效性。     

力促民爆热点难点转变为山西公安工作亮点

山西省涉爆事故、案件多，曾造成重大人员伤亡，且在原因清楚、治理对策基本正确的情况下反复持续发作，是治安热点、难点。通过教育学习，山西公安取得空前一致，认识到治爆是落实科学发展观、构建和谐社会的需要，是服务国家发展大局、提供战略性经济政治支撑的需要，是服务地方经济社会发展、推进产业结构调整升级的需要。他们加强理论研究，注重标本兼治，坚持人民战争，改革警务模式，建立长效机制。促使空前严峻的挑战转变为难得的发展机遇。     

汉语热词的集体记忆与社会认同——“给力”等词流行的社会学解读

2010年最流行的汉语热词是我们认识社会的一个侧面,它们反映了社会、媒介和民众的变化。汉语热词通过文化符号、历史延续和社会责任,来产生集体记忆,再通过制造共识和话语扩张来达到社会认同。不过,同时要注意汉语热词的现实性和示范性的特点,对其在社会中产生的作用进行辩证分析。     

推行厂务公开 加大民主参与力度 --兼谈黑龙江省推行厂务公开的现状、问题及对策

推行厂务公开,首先必须统一思想,统一认识;在推行厂务公开的过程中,必须突出重点,抓职工群众反映强烈的热点问题;推行厂务公开要在健全制度、突出实效上下功夫.     

TRAJECTORIES OF CRIME AT PLACES: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF STREET SEGMENTS IN THE CITY OF SEATTLE*

Studies of crime at micro places have generally relied on cross‐sectional data and reported the distributions of crime statistics over short periods of time. In this paper we use official crime data to examine the distribution of crime at street segments in Seattle, Washington, over a 14‐year period. We go beyond prior research in two ways. First, we view crime trends at places over a much longer period than other studies that have examined micro places. Second, we use group‐based trajectory analysis to uncover distinctive developmental trends in our data. Our findings support the view that micro places generally have stable concentrations of crime events over time. However, we also find that a relatively small proportion of places belong to groups with steeply rising or declining crime trajectories and that these places are primarily responsible for overall city trends in crime. These findings are particularly important given the more general decline in crime rates observed in Seattle and many other American cities in the 1990s. Our study suggests that the crime drop can be understood not as a general process that occurred across the city landscape but one that was generated in a relatively small group of micro places with strong declining crime trajectories over time.     

THE LAW OF CRIME CONCENTRATION AND THE CRIMINOLOGY OF PLACE*

According to Laub (2004), criminology has a developmental life course with specific turning points that allow for innovations in how we understand and respond to crime. I argue that criminology should take another turn in direction, focusing on microgeographic hot spots. By examining articles published in Criminology, I show that only marginal attention has been paid to this area of study to date—often termed the criminology of place. I illustrate the potential utility of a turning point by examining the law of crime concentration at place, which states that for a defined measure of crime at a specific microgeographic unit, the concentration of crime will fall within a narrow bandwidth of percentages for a defined cumulative proportion of crime. By providing the first cross‐city comparison of crime concentration using a common geographic unit, the same crime type, and examining a general crime measure, I find strong support for a law of crime concentration. I also show that crime concentration stays within a narrow bandwidth across time, despite strong volatility in crime incidents. By drawing from these findings, I identify several key research questions for future study. In conclusion, I argue that a focus on the criminology of place provides significant opportunity for young scholars and has great promise for advancing criminology as a science.     

对25年来中国法理学研究热点问题的思考——立足于1980-2004年的考察

文章总结了中国法理学25年来发展过程中的总体特征。希望能够探寻一种关注社会现实的法理学研究进路。     

福利权利是个人的还是家庭的?--从性别视角看福利供热制度改革与社会公平重建

近年来,北方福利供热一直是比较敏感的社会问题,它一方面涉及到北方居民基本生活保障,另一方面也关涉到社会福利公平分配。而以往的福利供热政策是以家庭为单位,并且常常落实到男人身上。那么,在福利供热制度改革中,如何看待这种“男女不同对待”的政策?这种政策背后所隐藏的潜规则是什么?如何实现福利制度改革和社会公平重建的双赢?本文尝试探讨和回答这些问题。