The Impact of Pro-Government Militias on Human Rights Violations

New data show that between 1982 and 2007, in over 60 countries governments were linked to and cooperated with informal armed groups within their own borders. Given the prevalence of these linkages, we ask how such links between governments and informal armed groups influence the risk of repression. We draw on principal-agent arguments to explore how issues of monitoring and control help understanding of the impact of militias on human rights violations. We argue that such informal agents increase accountability problems for the governments, which is likely to worsen human rights conditions for two reasons. First, it is more difficult for governments to control and to train these militias, and they may have private interests in the use of violence. Second, informal armed groups allow governments to shift responsibility and use repression for strategic benefits while evading accountability. Using a global dataset from 1982 to 2007, we show that pro-government militias increase the risk of repression and that the presence of militias also affects the type of violations that we observe.     

个人信息侵权行为现状及保护措施研析

近年来,人们在享受科技发展与网络信息技术普及带来的便利的同时,也正经历着个人信息侵权的困扰。个人信息侵权行为具有侵害手段的技术性、侵害方式的隐蔽性、侵害领域的无地域性、侵害后果的严重性的特点,而相对于个人信息侵权行为,个人信息保护的立法却相对滞后,个人信息的界定狭窄,个人信息的法律保护无系统、比较零散,法律保护范围比较狭窄,而且保护手段比较单一,因此,必须完善个人信息侵权行为的保护,加快个人信息保护的立法进程和行业自律建设。     

交通瞬间违法行为的证据认定及适用规则(下)——从行政法的经济分析维度

在本文的上篇中论述了要给予交警现场执法中的证据更多的信任,以更好地维护正常通畅的交通秩序。但是我们也要充分考虑当事人正当权益的保护,主要途径是设立一些科学的程序制度,以及进一步加强证据的收集和完善,提高处罚的准确性和科学性。     

公安刑侦工作可持续发展的思考

长期以来,公安刑侦干警以超负荷的状态与各类刑事犯罪活动作斗争,取得了驾驭治安局势的主动权、制胜权。在当前日趋严峻复杂的刑事犯罪形势下,如何加强公安刑侦工作的可持续发展、深化刑侦工作改革是实现侦查破案方式转变、提高侦查破案率、牢牢掌握打击犯罪主动权的有效途径。本文通过对目前刑侦工作中存在的问题和产生的原因进行了分析,提出了公安刑侦工作可持续发展的构想。     

The Impact of Ethical Leadership on Police Officers’ Code of Silence and Integrity: Results from the Turkish National Police

This study aims to investigate the perceived seriousness of integrity violations and the impact of ethical leadership on integrity and the code of silence by using structural equation modeling. The results suggested that integrity violations are regarded by Turkish officers as serious offenses, as they are perceived by their colleagues in other countries. The study also revealed the existence of the code of silence among police officers. Finally, it suggested that leadership positively affects the integrity of police officers and has a significant effect on breaking the code of silence in Turkey. Based on the findings, policy implications were discussed.     

Contextualising the ‘Responsibility to Protect’ in Darfur

ABSTRACT

This article argues for a thorough contextual analysis based on understanding local, regional and international politico-economic linkages in the Sudan, in order to ground prospects of the ‘Responsibility to Protect’ (R2P) doctrine in the ongoing crisis in Darfur. The R2P framework was crystallised by the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS) in 2001. It was adapted and subsequently endorsed by United Nations (UN) member states during the 2005 UN World Summit. The R2P ostensibly provides normative benchmarks on how states should respond to the quadruple human rights violations of genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and ethnic cleansing. Indeed, there is debate on whether the prevailing crisis in Darfur constitutes a test case for the application of the R2P. However, such debate is misplaced on two grounds: first, it glosses over the inherent conceptual deficiencies of the R2P, as presently constituted. More importantly, such debate is primarily inspired by reactionary and externalising influences based on past international failings, like Rwanda (1994) and Bosnia (1993). Hence, it is argued that the starting point of analysing the Darfur crisis should be a thorough investigation of how local, regional and international politico-economic factors have historically worked in an orchestrated fashion to trigger and sustain the crisis in the Sudan. Knowledge and an understanding of such historical specificity is a requisite for determining the relevance of the R2P in Darfur. The R2P, as presently constituted and practised, does not address this gap.     

Recommendations for Correctional Leaders to Reduce Boundary Violations: Female Correctional Employees and Male Inmates

The correctional profession continues to report boundary-violating behavior by correctional employees with inmates, such as aiding an inmate in an escape and engaging in sexual contact with an inmate. These criminal behaviors obviously threaten the safety within the institutions and the community; however, these types of actions are normally preceded by minor boundary crossings within the institution. Therefore, all types of boundary violations and crossings between an inmate and an employee must be examined and eliminated. This article offers correctional leaders recommendations for organizational change that may reduce the number of boundary violations and crossings between female employees and male inmates. These recommendations are built on a larger qualitative study that used portraiture methodology, by interviewing 4 former female correctional employees who developed relationships with male inmates.     

处置交通违章机动车逃跑行为的法律思考

交通违章后,采取逃跑的办法躲避交警的检查是交通管理工作中的常见现象,怎样处置这类违法现象是执勤交警很难把握的一个问题,如果采取强制措施或者去追赶,就容易发生交通事故或者其他问题;如果不去追赶就会放纵违法行为,交警又有失职之嫌。虽然目前的交通管理法律法规已经比较健全,最近国家也公布了《道路交通安全法》,但对此类违法行为的处置,还没有比较明确的规定。建议在《道路交通安全法》的实施细则中,明确具体地规定交警拦截、追赶违章逃跑和机动车的前提条件、操作方法和实施限度,以及对于这类违法行为的相关处罚办法,以利一线交警执法有据。     

高空抛物致人损害的实务研究和立法评析

侵权责任法出台前,高空抛物致人损害案件的司法审判面临两难：判决由建筑物使用人分担责任,或由物业管理公司承担部分责任缺乏明确法律依据,而裁定驳回原告起诉又将使法院面临巨大社会压力。2009年12月26日,全国人大常委会第十二次会议通过的侵权责任法,明确此类案件由可能加害的建筑物使用人分担责任。这一规定,作者认为虽对司法审判实践有所裨益,但在理论上值得质疑。     

我国政府“临时工”协助执法之问题探析

改革开放以来,我国由计划经济转向市场经济过程中,政府等公共部门的管理职能与工作内容 越来越多。由于政府对公务员采取编制管理,公务员岗位成为稀缺资源,用人单位的用人数量不具有灵活性, 但面临的工作量愈来愈大,于是,政府的执法部门开始向社会招收“临时工”以协助执法人员执法。近年来, 出现了协助执法人员“随意执法”、“强行执法”、“恶性执法”等诸多问题,被社会所诟病。因此,解决协 助执法人员的协助执法问题将有助于政府的包容性发展和激发其内生动力。