生物检材中氰化物浓度与保存时间关系研究

通过动物试验，用荧光光度法测定生物检材中氰化物浓度，研究了氰化物浓度与保存时间关系。结果表明，染毒血液高体120h内，氰化物浓度呈平缓直线上升；120h至168h之间呈指数下降；染毒肝脏检材在168h内呈直线上升，建立了线性方程。     

References for determining the time of death by potassium in vitreous humor

The different statements concerning the slope and intercept of the regression line and the 95% limits of confidence are the reason that potassium in vitreous humor is not used (at least in Germany) as an aid in estimating the time of death. The relationship between the concentration of potassium and the time of death is mainly influenced by antemortem electrolyte imbalances caused by disease and/or duration of terminal episode. The influence of terminal episode is best identified by its duration (Adelson et al., J. Forensic Sci., 8 (1963) 503–514). In order to have a method suitable for every case and to be as precise as possible we looked therefore for parameters in vitreous humor which were stable postmortem and indicating antemortem electrolyte imbalance. Urea is such a parameter, being stable postmortem (Coe, Am. J. Clin. Pathol., 51 (1969) 741–750) and useful as a marker of antemortem electrolyte imbalance. Our investigations on potassium in vitreous humor, including sudden and hospital deaths after chronic lingering disease, revealed 95% limits of confidence of ±34 h up to 120 h postmortem. Reviewing only cases with urea less than 100 mg/dl the 95% limits of confidence could be reduced to ±22 h. Considering the duration of terminal episode (<6 h) the precision was ±20 h. In this way our modified procedure is suitable for every case with the resulting precision of estimation being determined only by the duration of the terminal episode and urea concentration.     

谈仲裁程序中期限的理解与运用

期限问题是仲裁程序中的大问题。期限设置的价值在于给各方当事人充分的时间展现实体争议问题,同时,保证仲裁程序的效率。在各方当事人高度合作的理想状态下,期限可以灵活安排。但是,在当事人拖延程序的情况下,仲裁庭对期限的理解与运用便非常重要。     

针刺持续时间及刺激方案对针刺脑功能成像的影响

目的 利用BOLD-fMRI技术,在保持其他影响因素不变的情况下研究针刺持续时间及针刺刺激方案对脑功能成像激活区定位的影响。方法 选取健康志愿者40例,平均分为2组,为持续时间组及刺激方案组,第1组采用相同的针刺刺激方案（改良组块设计）进行3轮（R1、R2、R3）功能像数据采集,第2组采用3种不同的针刺刺激方案（包括典型组块、改良组块设计及事件相关设计）进行3轮功能像采集,两组数据均采用相同的MR扫描参数,用AFNI软件进行数据处理,用Monte Carlo阈值校正方法确定脑功能激活区,得出每组的组内分析结果及组内不同轮次比较的结果。 结果 持续时间组及刺激方案组的组内fMRI信号存在明显差异。组内不同轮次fMRI信号比较也均存在显著差异的脑区,两组的R2与R1相比均存在fMRI信号减低区域,但刺激方案组的R3与R1相比存在广泛的fMRI信号减低区域,持续时间组的R3与R1相比存在fMRI信号增高区域。 结论 针刺持续时间及刺激方案均会对脑功能成像的激活区定位产生影响。     

简论我国行政诉讼期间制度的缺陷及重构

我国行政诉讼期间制度在公正性、协调性、统一性和可操作性上存有缺陷,不利于人们的理解和执行。为更好地指导我国行政诉讼实践,应重构我国行政诉讼期间制度,设立一个统一的期间标准,修改部分行政诉讼期间,并增设部分行政诉讼期间,以完善我国的行政诉讼制度。     

Updating the Party Government data set

Scholars have identified the crucial role of government characteristics in studies of political behavior, comparative institutions, and political economy. An invaluable data source for government characteristics is the Woldendorp et al. (2000) Party Government in 48 Democracies data set. We describe our update to this data set from the late-1990s through 2011. We then present a variety of additions to the data set that are intended to increase its usage by reducing the obstacles associated with using the data in conjunction with other popular data sets. We illustrate the utility of this update by providing a variety of means of conceptualizing government stability.     

Institutional Inconsistency and Political Instability: Polity Duration, 1800–2000

This article examines how political institutional structures affect political instability. It classifies polities as autocracies or democracies based on three institutional dimensions: election of the executive, constraints on executive decision-making authority, and extent of political participation. It hypothesizes that strongly autocratic and democratic regimes will exhibit the greatest stability resulting from self-enforcing equilibria, whereby the maintenance of a polity's institutional structure is in the interest of political elites, whether through autocratic or democratic control. Institutionally inconsistent regimes (those exhibiting a mix of institutional characteristics of both democracy and autocracy) lack these self-enforcing characteristics and are expected to be shorter-lived. Using a log-logistic duration model, polity survival time ratios are estimated. Institutionally consistent polities are significantly more stable than institutionally inconsistent polities. The least stable political systems are dictatorships with high levels of political participation. The most unstable configuration for polities with an elected executive is one where the executive is highly constrained, but the electorate is very small.     

著作权保护期限标准的审视与重构

著作权的两类权利主体(自然人和非自然人)获得保护的正当性理由不同,相应的保护期限也应根据不同的标准确立。回顾著作权法的发展历史,二者没有被清晰区分。以自然人作者保护为前提发展而来的"照顾理论"是大部分国家现行时间标准的正当性理由。信息社会著作权法的保护范围和制度设计都有了深刻变革,要实现公平正义目标,著作财产权的保护期限应当重构:一方面,非自然人权利主体作品不应也不宜直接适用原有根据自然人作者设计的保护期限,而应根据"激励理论"参考专利法确定固定保护期;另一方面,应当审视"照顾理论"在现有背景下的合理性,对自然人作品建议采用原则上以作者生命为限结合最低保护期限的标准。现有保护期限都应缩短,在受国际条约所限该目标短期难以达成的现状下,可以调整著作权保护宽度,采用相对宽松的合理使用制度。     

Local Labor Demand and Program Participation Dynamics: Evidence from New York SNAP Administrative Records

This study estimates the effect of local labor demand on the likelihood that Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) beneficiaries are able to transition out of the program. Our data include SNAP administrative records from New York (2007 to 2012), linked at the person‐level to the 2010 Census, and linked at the county‐month‐level to industry‐specific labor market conditions. We find that local labor markets matter for the length of time spent on SNAP, but there is substantial heterogeneity in estimated effects across local industries. Using Bartik‐style instruments to isolate the effect of labor demand and controlling for the changing composition of entrants and program rules brought on by the Great Recession, we find that fluctuations in labor demand in industries with high shares of SNAP participants—especially food service and retail—change the likelihood of exiting the program. Notably, estimated industry effects vary across race and parental status, with black participants being most sensitive to changes in local labor market conditions and mothers benefiting less from growth in local labor demand than fathers and non‐parents. We confirm that our results are not driven by endogenous inter‐county mobility or New York City labor markets and are robust to multiple specifications.     

Time Present and Time Past: Rivalry and the Duration of Interstate Wars, 1846-1985

This article sits at the intersection of the rivalry, war duration, and bargaining literatures, suggesting that histories of armed conflict between states increase war duration through their effects on the selectorate and the wartime bargaining process. I argue that the historical relationship between two states plays an integral role in the duration of future conflict. Specifically, historical conflict between states intensifies the preference of national selectorates for military victory and narrows the range of negotiated settlements that leaders might pursue while still maintaining domestic political support. I employ Bennett and Stam's (1996) ex ante data set and Crescenzi and Enterline's (2001) International Interaction Score to provide an empirical test of the ability to generalize appropriately coded historical interaction to the topic of war duration. Contradicting earlier studies, the results of this analysis show that a properly operationalized measure of rivalry has significant and positive effects on war duration.