大数据时代日本个人信息保护法探究

个人信息本来是极其隐私的事物,在大数据时代却时刻处于"裸奔"状态,时刻面临被侵犯的风险。特别在新冠肺炎疫情防控中,大数据技术发挥了重要作用,个人信息保护再次引起关注。整体而言,日本个人信息保护法以"个人优先"与"公共优先"的宗旨博弈为出发点,以"个人信息"的概念界定为基础,以个人信息权的保护为核心,以个人信息保护机构的独立设置为落脚点,为个人信息的保护奠定了基础。我国应当积极行动起来,尽快颁布《个人信息保护法》,助力大数据时代个人信息保护和数字经济的发展。     

What do forensic analysts consider relevant to their decision making?

In response to research demonstrating that irrelevant contextual information can bias forensic science analyses, authorities have increasingly urged laboratories to limit analysts' access to irrelevant and potentially biasing information (Dror and Cole (2010) [3]; National Academy of Sciences (2009) [18]; President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (2016) [22]; UK Forensic Science Regulator (2015) [26]). However, a great challenge in implementing this reform is determining which information is task-relevant and which is task-irrelevant. In the current study, we surveyed 183 forensic analysts to examine what they consider relevant versus irrelevant in their forensic analyses. Results revealed that analysts generally do not regard information regarding the suspect or victim as essential to their analytic tasks. However, there was significant variability among analysts within and between disciplines. Findings suggest that forensic science disciplines need to agree on what they regard as task-relevant before context management procedures can be properly implemented. The lack of consensus about what is relevant information not only leaves room for biasing information, but also reveals foundational gaps in what analysts consider crucial in forensic decision making.     

婚约法律问题研究

婚约是婚姻关系建立前的习惯性程序,经历了从罗马法、寺院法到近现代法的不同发展时期,产生的法律效力也各有不同。婚约在我国是一种重要的民事习惯,历代封建统治者都十分重视对婚约关系的调整。婚约的成立应以当事人自愿自行订立、具有完全民事行为能力、未婚及无禁止结婚的血亲关系为条件,依法成立的婚约对双方当事人及第三人均产生一定的法律效力。婚约存续期间双方互赠的财物,在婚约解除时应按不当得利予以返还。一方擅自解除婚约或因他方过错而解除婚约的,无过错方可请求损害赔偿。将婚约视为纯粹的道德问题,不仅人为地缩小了民法的调整范围,也不利于财产纠纷的解决,应通过民法典的制定予以规范。     

我国政府信息资源管理的现状及完善——以美国联邦政府制度经验为参照

政府掌握的信息数量庞大,且质量要求较高,如何管理、综合开发和有效利用这些信息资源成为对政府工作的新挑战。信息资源管理通过时信息活动的有效管理与运作,使信息的周期运动能够更好地完成政府任务、实现绩效目标。我国应结合实际不足,借鉴国外先进经验,对政府信息资源管理问题与相关制度建设进行梳理。     

说明义务违反与沉默的民事诈欺构成——以"信息上的弱者"之保护为中心

影响缔约意思形成的不平等缔约力,除了经济力的不对等,还有信息上的不对等.鉴于"信息不对称"情况下保护"信息上的弱者"在现代市场经济和信息化社会中的重要性,在制定民法典时,有必要规定说明义务与沉默性诈欺,以是否存在说明义务为标准,对沉默性诈欺进行类型区分,对于存在说明义务情况下的沉默,应缓和诈欺的因果关系要件和故意要件.     

Scale, technique and composition effects in the Mexican agricultural sector: the influence of NAFTA and the institutional environment

More than a decade after NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) entered into force, the environmental effects of agricultural trade liberalization in Mexico are still controversial, emerging, and not fully understood. This paper contributes to the literature that aims to explore trends in input use in the agricultural sector in Mexico during the post-NAFTA period among both commercial/industrial and traditional/rainfed farmers, and examines the influence of the national and multilateral institutional framework on these outcomes. We decompose the post-NAFTA agricultural production data into scale, technique and composition effects to estimate the impact that trade liberalization has had on the use of fertilizer and land use, two key agricultural inputs for which reliable aggregate data is available. We conclude that among commercial farmers patterns of crop type specialization and significant technological improvements have led to some declines in fertilizer use but they have been offset by growth in fertilizer use associated with growing agricultural output. Among traditional farmers increased output and specialization in land-intensive grain crops are contributing to an increase in land under cultivation and technological improvements show the potential, but not yet not the strength, to counteract these effects. We analyse the environmental institutional framework and rural development plans, observing that institutional weaknesses have, in several instances, reduced the environmental benefit of technique and composition effects. We conclude with recommendations about how the Mexican agricultural sector might reap the environmental benefits of international agricultural trade.     

个人信息保护法制管窥

现代意义的隐私权乃是一种“个人信息控制权”,因此有必要对收集、利用、保存、传播他人信息的行为全面进行规范,许多国家先后制定了个人信息保护法。在立法模式上,根据是否以一部法律对公共部门和非公共部门的个人信息处理行为进行规范,分为总括和分离两种模式。在立法内容上,“OECD劝告”曾确立个人信息保护的八项原则,同时个人信息主体的权利可具体化为五项权利。另外,对特定行业制定特别规定是普遍采取的做法。     

浅谈民族地区水土资源信息的搜集、诠释和利用--兼论生态民族学在信息整合上的特殊价值

水土流失治理是一项跨学科的综合社会工程,完成这一工程需要搜集不同学科、不同民族、不同地区的信息资料.借助生态民族学的理论架构可以有效地整合来自不同地区、不同民族、不同科学的水土资源信息,使之成为水土流失治理的信息支撑库藏.本文通过跨文化、跨学科的信息搜集、诠释及应用实例,揭示了生态民族学在信息整合中的特殊价值.     

论犯罪过程中的信息转移原理

物质交换原理和信息论分析是侦查学的重要理论与研究方法,但各有重大的局限与不足。本文在分别检讨这两大理论的基础上,创造性地提出了犯罪过程中的信息转移原理的构想,剖析了犯罪过程中信息转移的必然性、内涵、构成及模型,并简单阐述了该理论的现实意义。     

警察工作压力对身心健康的影响及其对策(下)

3、压力的行为反应机制应对压力,不仅是心理反应的认知与方式、方法,生理反应的生化过程,更是在特定环境中的行为适应过程。人的本质,体现为“社会关系的总和”(马克思)。因此,行为适应是一个人健康特别是心理健康与否的重要标志。医学心理学把“心理障碍”界定为:“没有能力按照社会认为适宜的方式行为,以至其行为后果对本人或社会是不适应的。”“没有能力”,可理解分为器质性的损害和功能性的损害,也可能是两者兼而有之。生理、心理反应是内在的,行为反应是外显的。在现实生活中,当人们出现心理问题时,尽管通过主观意志努力可以在行…