Charismatic female leadership and gender: Pia Kjærsgaard and the Danish People's Party

ABSTRACT

Research on the leaderships and electorates of populist right-wing parties emphasizes that most of these parties are charismatic and male-dominated, both as regards their leaderships and their voters. However, while studies about the gender gap focus mainly on demand-side factors, such as electoral support, socio-economic characteristics and the voters’ attitudes towards issues such as immigration, those that analyse the role and position of gender issues are still rare. Similarly, or even more, overlooked is an analysis of the rhetoric, style, charisma and discourse of populist female leaders, such as those representative of two now well-established Scandinavian populist right-wing parties: the Dansk Folkeparti (DF, Danish People’s Party) and Norway’s Fremskrittspartiet (FrP, Progress Party). Both parties have long been led by women although Pia Kjærsgaard of the DF recently stepped down, leaving the party leadership to Kristian Thulesen Dahl, a man of the younger generation of party members; Siv Jensen in Norway smoothly followed the long-term and charismatic leadership of Carl I. Hagen in 2006. The main focus of the paper, however, is on Pia Kjærsgaard, discussing the role gender plays in relation to her style, rhetoric and/or discursive strategies, but also in the gendered constructions featured in the Danish mainstream media. In the article, Meret also refers to the case of Marine Le Pen and the Front national (FN) in order to consider whether the Nordic cases represent a specific framework for female leadership, highly influenced by context and opportunity.     

孔子：中国的苏格拉底，还是塞涅卡？--拉莫特·勒瓦耶、费内隆、李明的中西哲学比较研究

在17世纪法国学者了解和研究中国哲学的过程中，有三本书值得关注：一是1642年出版的拉莫特·勒瓦耶的《论异教徒的道德》，认为孔子和苏格拉底在哲学史上的地位相同，但孔子对中国的影响比苏格拉底对西方的影响更大，由儒家领导的中国乃是柏拉图“哲学王”理想的实现；二是费内隆在1687—1689年撰写的《死者的对话》，其中有一篇题为《苏格拉底与孔子的对话》，论述了苏格拉底与孔子的思想分歧，既不同意把孔子比作中国的苏格拉底，也完全不相信孔子的“圣王”理想或柏拉图的“哲学王”理想具有哲学学理上的合理性和实现的可能性；三是1696年出版的李明（勒孔德）的《中国近事报道》，该书不再将孔子与苏格拉底对举，而是把他比作古罗马斯多葛派哲学家、一位致力于培养“哲学王”式的统治者却并不成功的“帝王师”塞涅卡，并认为在研究中国哲学时应把孔子思想与宋明理学区分开来。这三部文献在一定程度上反映了17世纪法国思想界对中国哲学认识的过程。     

The French secular hypocrisy: the extreme right,the Republic and the battle for hegemony

ABSTRACT

The success of the extreme right in France in the past two decades has not been limited to its electoral rise. A more long-lasting victory has taken place in the ideological field, where the discourse of the extreme right now occupies a prominent place in the mainstream liberal democratic agenda. Increasingly, its ideas are seen in the media and in the platforms of mainstream parties as ‘common sense’ or at least acceptable. The growing acceptance of this ‘common sense’ is the result of very carefully crafted strategies put in place by extreme-right thinkers since the 1980s. For over three decades now, in order to change perceptions and renew extreme right-wing ideology, New Right think tanks such as the French GRECE believed it was necessary to borrow the tactics of the left and, more specifically, the Gramscian concept of hegemony: cultural power must precede political power. With the use of contemporary examples, Mondon's article demonstrates the continuing impact these ideas have had on the Front national and French politics and society, and how this change originated in the association of populist rhetoric with the neo-racist stigmatization of the Other.     

Jean Thiriart in Cairo and Bagdad

ABSTRACT

In the ‘poor’ result achieved by Jean-Marie Le Pen in the 2007 presidential elections, many commentators saw the demise of the Front National. However, when asked by a journalist whether it was the end of her father's political career, Marine Le Pen smilingly replied: ‘I don't think so. In any case, this is the victory of his ideas!’ In this question and answer lies the whole story of the Front National and its impact on mainstream politics in the past two decades. First, Le Pen's defeat was exaggerated, the same way his victory had been in 2002. What Mondon argues in this paper is that the 2002 presidential elections did act as an ‘earthquake’ within French politics. However, this ‘earthquake’ did not trigger a tsunami of support for Jean-Marie Le Pen, but rather a tidal wave of misinformation and misunderstanding as to the real significance of the election results. By concentrating on the 2002 and 2007 presidential elections, Mondon highlights how this reaction led to the consecration of right-wing populist politics, best exemplified in the landslide election of Nicolas Sarkozy in 2007. He also provides an insight into the slippery slope Sarkozy's government took after its election, leading to an extremely rightward-leaning 2012 presidential campaign and new heights for the Front National.     

“笔部队”中的“两点红”:吉屋信子和林芙美子的小说与战地报告

吉屋信子和林芙美子是名噪一时的流行作家,有多次前往中国战场的经历,并作为女性杰出代表入选1938年第一批"笔部队",被称为"笔部队"的"两点红"。吉屋信子在海军班一如既往地扮演"女性"角色,突出自己作为女性的价值和作用;林芙美子则用激烈的方式在中国战场演出了一场新的放浪记。两人用不同的方式自觉地将女性话语和人生诉求融入军国主义话语中,成为侵略战争的协助者。与普通女性不同,她们成为战争协助者并不是受制于国策话语而做出的完全被动的选择,其文学创作反映出的思想缺陷和浅薄认知与她们的战场报告意趣相投,是她们在战争爆发后与军国主义话语一拍即合、轻易地滑落到战争协助陷阱中的本质原因。     

明清之际中越关系的演变与抉择

明清更替之际,安南王国作为中国传统的藩属国,面对新朝与旧朝残余分治的局面,其主政的中兴黎朝先是出于恢复"王爵"的要求,与南明政权频繁互动,互相支持。后因南明衰败无望,清朝实际控制了全国局势,加之在其国内对手武氏、莫氏割据政权先后归顺清朝,并获得了封号,中兴黎朝为了确保其于安南国内统治的正当性,无奈地归顺清朝。     

Political Communication and the Unexpected Outcome of the 2002 French Presidential Elections

ABSTRACT

The results of the first round of the 2002 French presidential election were a profound shock. Prime Minister Jospin did not make it to the final round run-off, beaten as he was by the far right candidate Jean-Marie Le Pen who claimed second place. This article argues that use (and misuse) of modern campaigning methods proved decisive to this outcome. Paradoxically, Jospin's overtly professional approach actually hindered him. His flawed strategy failed to target crucial voters, and assorted tactical decisions compounded this error. Nor did the media coverage and distorted public opinion polls help a beleaguered Jospin candidacy. In this election the cautious would be the main beneficiaries.     

明初中越关系史值得研究的一位人物——黎澄

在15世纪前期复杂多变的中越关系史上,黎澄(胡元澄)的一生和其官宦生涯历经变故,跌宕起伏。他先是越南胡朝王子,官居高位,后降于明朝,因献"神枪法"、督造火药兵器,为宣宗和英宗器重,以明朝廷臣终其生。他为仕颇有政绩,也是火器专家、文学家,著《南翁梦录》传世,对中越两国友好交往和文化交流作出了诸多贡献。     

抗战时期国民政府救侨政策研究——以安徽宣城侨乐村为例

20世纪30年代初,日本、欧美等地被难华侨陆续回国,南京国民政府成立专门的救济失业华侨委员会,决定对归国失业华侨实行根本救济,选定安徽宣城水阳镇一带试办侨乐村:由政府提供荒地让归侨集中垦殖,并制定《侨乐村垦殖纲要》等文件。开办侨乐村、安排被难归国华侨不仅是救济失业归侨、解决他们生活问题的一种试验性的根本办法,而且被赋予在世界工商业形势不景气背景之下复兴中国农村的任务。侨乐村设计者陈树人希望宣城侨乐村试办成功后能作为一种模式在全国推广。由于国民政府一直采取重心向外的华侨政策,对于归国华侨的安置缺乏准备,也没有切合实际的系统举措等原因,侨乐村的建设并不成功。在国民政府迁都重庆后又酝酿成立归侨新村,建设地点变为城市近郊。侨乐村的试办是南京国民政府华侨政策的一次重要尝试,在华侨政策史上有一定影响。     

中性笔及其字迹色痕检验

利用中性笔作为书写工具实施变造文件的案件呈明显上升趋势,中性笔字迹色痕检验尤显迫切。中性笔笔痕检验包括笔痕特征法和笔法宽度测量法,中性笔字迹色痕检验包括无损检验法和有损检验法。