马歇尔计划的历史真相：一种基于史实的解读

马歇尔计划是战后美国实现全球霸权战略的核心组成部分，其对战后世界和国际格局产生的影响深刻且持续，因此至今仍是学界研究热点。文章基于史实解读，回答了多年来国内外学界围绕马歇尔计划存在的几种争议，诸如马歇尔计划肇始时间界定、名称的由来、美国国务院官员对马歇尔计划的历史贡献以及捷克“二月事件”与马歇尔计划是否存在关联等。文章认为，尽管马歇尔哈佛演讲一直被视为马歇尔计划出台的标志性事件，但从严格意义上讲，在1948年4月之前，美国并没有什么具体的援助欧洲计划；在马歇尔计划形成过程中，美国决策层固然发挥了引领作用，但美国国务院中下层官员也功不可没；捷克“二月事件”是偶发事件，与马歇尔计划的出台没有直接因果关系，但却在客观上为马歇尔计划在美国国会的通过提供了助力。文章是对马歇尔计划整体史研究的必要补充和完善，对深入研究马歇尔计划具有重要的学术价值。     

T.H. Marshall and his critics: reappraising ‘social citizenship’ in the twenty-first century

T.H. Marshall's concept of ‘social citizenship’, developed in the 1949 lecture ‘Citizenship and Social Policy’, remains a vital study of welfare in developed nations. However, Marshall's social citizenship has come under attack as undermining civil liberties, or falling short of offering real equality to marginalised groups. This article returns to Marshall's lecture to show that he was in fact aware of such problems, but nonetheless held the provision of social rights to be a valuable normative project. Furthermore, this article argues that a new social citizenship, incorporating collective rights claims, could present a strong challenge to neoliberalism in contemporary welfare debates.     

More than ten years after: The long-term stability of informed death penalty opinions

This panel study examined the stability of informed death penalty opinions more than ten years after students participated in a semester long death penalty class. Results for two “abstract” opinion measures indicated that support of the death penalty significantly diminished after exposure to the death penalty class, yet rebounded to initial pretest levels two to three years later. After more than ten years, the data revealed small increases in support of the death penalty from the first follow-up period. Personal involvement measures did not change significantly across the four points in time. The relative importance of four of the eleven reasons for death penalty support or opposition changed significantly over time. Those changes varied across measures. Some increased in importance over time, while others decreased in importance. Finally, race was a significant factor in every opinion measure, as well as in nine of the eleven reasons for death penalty support or opposition.     

Advocacy Perspectives on the Greenbook: Interviews with Domestic Violence Advocates from Three Federally Funded Greenbook Sites

Between 2000 and 2005, six sites engaged in local implementation of recommendations made in Effective Intervention in Domestic Violence and Child Maltreatment: Guidelines for Policy and Practice (the Greenbook), published by the National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges in 1999. This three‐part article reflects recorded conversations in June and July of 2019 and captures the perspectives of five domestic violence advocates who participated in local Greenbook implementation (in El Paso County, CO; San Francisco County, CA; or Santa Clara County, CA) and their thoughts on the Greenbook work then, since then, and going forward.     

W.B. Gallie,T.H. Marshall and the contested concepts of fairness and citizenship: examining the parameters of debate in Newport City Council’s Fairness Commission and citizens’ views on fairness

The paper examines Newport City Council’s Fairness Commission’s (NFC) understanding of fairness, alongside a survey of Newport citizens’ views on fairness. These views focus on two parameters of debate identified by the NFC – equality versus differential treatment, and the accountability and transparency of decision-making – reflecting competing interpretations of the political concept of fairness, and as explored by W.B. Gallie. Moreover, these contested interpretations also have a profound bearing on post-1945 debates about citizenship instigated by T.H. Marshall. While many contemporary policy-recommenders and politicians reject Marshallesque social rights to citizenship, dismissing these rights as encouraging so-called passive conceptions of citizenship emphasising unconditional individual entitlements to local services, the views of Newport citizens tend to broadly support these rights. These rights are distinct from ‘active’ conceptions, emphasising the values of interdependency and reciprocity, and citizens’ obligations to positively participate in community life which then underpin conditions for receiving entitlements.     

“地球村”能否抹平世界的中心-边缘结构--评麦克卢汉的“地球村”

在全球化、后工业化进程中，“地球村”是一个非常流行的词语，事实上，它已经成为一个用以理解当今世界的学术概念。这个概念是由麦克卢汉提出来的。由于麦克卢汉的作品主要是以文学的形式呈现出来的，没有对这个概念加以明确定义，以至于这个概念流行后，人们往往是在这个概念的表层含义上去加以理解和使用它。其实，这个概念包含着更多和更深的内涵。就现实而言，“地球村”的出现并没有改变世界的中心—边缘结构，反而使中心—边缘结构中的压迫力量得到了增强，而且作用形式也更加直接。应当看到，麦克卢汉所提出的“地球村”是一个比喻性的概念，它对于直观地描绘全球化是有着便于理解和把握的价值。但是，也正是这一优势，使麦克卢汉从“地球村”出发而回到了农业社会的村落那里去了，再一次在人类社会进步的转折点上塑造出一个空想主义的思想体系。     

Civil Rights and Social Welfare: Some Thoughts on the Contemporary Relevance of T. H. Marshall

This article draws on T H Marshall's celebrated classification of civil, political and social rights to examine the use of the courts by individuals seeking to establish rights to particular forms or models of welfare service provision. It argues that tensions between the collective and individual aspects of social rights, the relationship of social rights to inequality, and the difficulty of quantifying (and therefore enforcing) legitimate expectations, all make the use of litigation to establish social rights intensely problematic. Drawing on the recent UK Supreme Court case of R (on the Application of McDonald) v Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, it goes on to suggest that it is unhelpful to think of social rights in terms of human rights: instead, we would do better to adopt Marshall's emphasis on the citizenship basis of social rights and on the social and political context within which they necessarily exist.     

美国司法审查制度是如何产生的——对一种流行说法的质疑

美国司法审查制度产生于马伯里诉麦迪逊案,美国宪法没有规定司法审查制度,这些说法不是事实。美国司法审查制度恰恰就是制宪会议设计的并由美国宪法加以确认的。马歇尔受理马伯里诉麦迪逊案在程序上违反了美国宪法,马歇尔判决书的内容也违反了美国宪法。     

The Limits of Political Citizenship

Policy makers tend to focus on the extension of citizenship as the primary means by which new populations become incorporated into a society. Although acquiring formal citizenship is necessary in order to participate in many aspects of a state's civic, social, and political life, the extension of legal citizenship is far from a guarantee for full membership. Instead of focusing exclusively on naturalizing immigrants, we need to consider T.H. Marshall's three spheres of citizenship—the civil, political, and social. By extending social elements of citizenship prior to or at the same time as we extend other benefits, we will move towards more complete citizenship for and greater civil and political engagement among all residents in our society—non-citizens, naturalized, and native-born, alike.