儒家思想发展史上的性觉与性寂之争

儒家内部的对立,可以借用佛教“性寂”与“性觉”的分际来分别,而此种分别在儒家历史上造成的对立是根本差异,从而作为统一的“儒家”之称是否成立成为问题。这个结论,可以在具体分析儒门的“程朱之争”和“天泉证道”二公案来分析得之。     

汉语语境中回族对佛教词汇的借用

回族在历史发展中逐渐通用汉语。回族穆斯林借用了一些佛教术语,通过改造、引申等形式,来表达伊斯兰教方面的事物与思想。回族对佛教词汇的借用,是在不违背伊斯兰教基本信仰的前提下,对中国传统文化的一种适应,这也是伊斯兰教中国化的一种表现。     

Community Penalties in the United States

The author discusses some background matters concerning the US criminal justice systems that may provide useful context for non-US readers, and summarises the main general conclusions about the operation of community penalties from two decades' research. He also briefly summarises research concerning each of the major penalties that have been attempted. Why American jurisdictions have been comparatively unsuccessful at use of community penalties as alternatives to incarceration and whether that lack of receptivity can be changed is discussed in the conclusion.     

收回死刑复核权面临的难题及其破解

It is of great significance for the Supreme Court of China (SCC) to take back the power of having judicial review for death sentences. For that purpose, first, we have to amend the procedures for judicial review for death sentences, including precisely defining the responsibility of the SCC to review death sentences, determining appropriate modes of review, prescribing the time limit of review, allowing the participation of defense lawyers and prosecutors, etc. Second, we must also amend the appellate procedures for capital cases, including holding hearings, comprehensive trial of key cases, and adjusting the time limit for the second instance. Third, we must improve relative systems that can directly affect the trial quality of capital cases, including the improvement of evidentiary rules, the reform of judicial committees, and the forbiddance to change an original sentence into a death sentence. Long Zongzhi, professor, chairs the academic commission at Southwestern University of Politics and Law. Meanwhile, he takes the vice chair of the supervising committee of legal education in the Ministry of Education of China. He advanced the theory of dual structure of criminal litigation in early 1990s and put forward the theory of relative reasonableness in late 1990s, which exerted great influence in academic law. Moreover, he has published a great number of works on criminal litigation, judicial system, and evidence law.     

论和谐语境下对监狱服刑罪犯的宽容

在监狱行刑工作中,贯彻落实构建社会主义和谐社会的总体要求就是要凝神聚力地推进行刑现代化的进程。培育对服刑罪犯的宽容意识是监狱行刑现代化的内在基础,宽容意识本身又通过监狱行刑人道化、监狱事务民主化及未来行刑前景社会化等价值追求的实现得以勃兴。需要正视对服刑罪犯宽容,做到宽容不宽纵;积极内化对服刑罪犯宽容,更新罪犯教育改造观念,完善狱内服刑罪犯的权利救济机制和适时引导国民对罪犯群体的适度宽容的情感。     

因罪生刑,以刑制罪——再论绑架罪法定刑对其法定加重事由解释的反向制约关系

我国刑法对绑架罪规定了极为严厉的法定刑,对其两项加重事由更是规定了绝对确定的法定刑——＂处死刑,并处没收财产＂。①2009年2月底通过的刑法修正案（七）对于绑架罪进行了部分修正,增设了＂情节较轻＂的减轻构成规定,此虽具有重要的意义,但对这一减轻构成的评价、理解与适用本身就是问题。同时,该修正案对于绑架罪的加重构成未作任何修改,堪称遗憾。因此,对这两项加重事由如何解读,至今学界仍然无法达成比较一致的意见,司法实务部门的处理更是各执一词。充分重视和合理运用＂因罪生刑,以刑制罪＂的解释手段,关注刑事法律规范中绑架罪的法定刑对其具体加重事由的反向制约关系,能够比较妥善地解决这一难题。     

减刑制度中引进听证程序的几点法理思考

减刑制度相对于其他刑罚制度，实践应用最广。在对罪犯的惩罚改造过程中，绝大多数服刑犯罪人都可能受益于这项制度。它体现着我国刑罚执行制度中惩罚与改造相结合、教育与劳动相结合的原则，效益性原则。刑罚执行的人道主义和个别化，有利于对服刑犯罪人的有益改造。减刑的公平、公正与否，也直接关系到我国刑罚目的和刑罚执行功能的实现。我国现行的刑事立法和相关的司法解释，虽然对减刑都作出了相关的规定，然而，在制度设计上比较宽泛和粗糙，亟待进一步完善，以使其适应我国新时代的法治要求，促进我国法制的发展。本文主要围绕监狱管理机关在刑罚执行中对减刑制度引进听证程序进行法理分析，完善制度缺陷，实现公平、正义，构建法治的和谐社会。     

JUDGES' UNEQUAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO EXTRALEGAL DISPARITIES IN IMPRISONMENT*

How do judges in the same court system contribute differentially to extralegal disparities in sentencing? Analyses of felony sentencing in an urban Ohio trial court uncovered two distinct but equal-sized groups of judges that differed in the magnitude of extralegal correlates to imprisonment. Within the group of judges reflecting substantive extralegal correlates to prison sentences, demographic correlates (based on defendants' race, sex, age, and the interaction between them) were more pervasive across judges relative to social demographic correlates (based on education, residence length, and means of financial support). The directions of significant relationships involving a defendant's race, age, and means of support also were inconsistent across judges. These interjudge differences suggest that analyses of cases pooled across judges at either the jurisdiction or the state level might over- or understate the relevance of particular attribution theories of sentencing disparities.     

死刑的程序之维

死刑正当程序的必要性在于防止错杀与滥杀。死刑的正当程序既要满足普通司法规则,又是一种特殊、烦琐与代价高昂的程序。中国现行的死刑司法,未能充分满足普通司法规则,缺乏正当程序所应有的特殊性,且过于简化而代价低廉,因而不符合正当程序的要求。为了有效地防止错杀与滥杀,最大限度地减少死刑的适用,中国的死刑司法应该从正当程序的要求出发,尽快实现程序的正当化。