An analysis of the fundamental tensions between copyright and social media: the legal implications of sharing images on Instagram

ABSTRACT

Copyright is inherently intertwined with the development of technology and none more so than the advent of the Internet and sharing technologies. More recently, social media platforms have become the latest challenge for copyright law and policy. This article builds on the literature that recognises the underlying conflict between copyright and social networking sites (SNSs); namely that the basic implication of copyright is the restriction of copying, whereas the ethos of social networking is the promotion of sharing. In particular, this article focuses on the disparity between the restricted acts of copying and communication to the public under copyright law and the encouragement of sharing on SNS Instagram. In doing so, it contextualises the debate surrounding copyright and social media and provides an understanding of the legal implications of using Instagram. As such this paper analyses (1) the infringement of copyright protected work on Instagram, and (2) the user-agreement and licensing of copyright material on Instagram. This study concludes that the disparity between the principles of copyright and social media lead to confusion and vulnerability of users. Therefore, it is suggested that Instagram should better inform its users of the implications of sharing third-party content as well as the terms of its user agreement. This could be done by implementing a copyright strategy, which includes a notice and takedown system as well as investing in producing educational content for users. Perhaps SNSs, such as Instagram might be more motivated to take steps to recognise intellectual property rights if they were considered Internet Services Provides such as YouTube.     

新媒介技术下中国政治传播的改变及应对

在新媒介时代,网络空间成为政治传播线上宣传的公共领域,新媒介技术成为不断推动这个领域创新发展的重要力量。新媒介技术下的政治传播格局发生改变,政治传播主体更加多元,政治传播方式更加多样,政治传播的问题也逐渐凸显。转变传统公共政治传播观念,以新媒介技术为支撑,传播优质内容,寻求与公众的政治共识,建立公共传播与公众传播的多向互动格局,增强公众对政府的信任度,能够对新媒介技术下政治传播生态的健康发展产生积极作用。     

税收结构改变的长期影响与转型特征

提高直接税比重是优化我国税制结构和调节收入分配的重要实现途径，但可能同时对经济增长和社会福利产生影响。当政府降低消费税，如果维持长期总税收不变，那么不管是提高工资收入税税率还是资本收入税税率，经济中的资本积累和生产规模都会有一定程度的缩减；从长期看，提高直接税比重会降低消费者福利，但是转型过程中可能会有部分代际受益。相比于提高资本收入税，提高工资收入税税率在长期给经济增长和消费者福利带来的负效应更为明显。     

行动者“漏斗效应”:党内法规执行问题的解释框架

党内法规能否执行到位,关系到党要管党、全面从严治党的重大战略部署,关系到良好政治生态的形成和党的长期执政能力建设等重要议题。究竟是哪些因素影响党内法规的有效执行,本研究选择《中国共产党巡视工作条例》《干部教育培训工作条例》《中共中央关于加强社会主义协商民主建设的意见》在T省的执行案例作为研究对象,遵循扎根理论的研究逻辑,直接从经验材料入手,不断归纳、对比和提炼,提出"行动者‘漏斗效应’"的解释框架。党内法规执行的行动者受认知共同体、制度协同性、激励与约束与行动者知识的因素制约,呈现层层失守的执行损耗。     

Citizen aid,social media and brokerage after disaster

Abstract

In a crisis, aid providers deliver humanitarian relief across a hierarchy of organisations where influence and capacity map to their scale of operations. On the front lines of crises, ‘citizen aid’ is what small, local and informal groups offer to fellow citizens. These citizen aid groups are well-networked in place and tend to work through longstanding personal relationships. In the Philippines, citizen aid groups frequently support their activities by documenting their work with photos of beneficiaries to solicit donations from within the country and around the world across social media platforms. This paper builds on recent debates on brokerage through a case study of citizen aid in the relief effort after Typhoon Haiyan (2013–2017). Using this case-study approach, we demonstrate how social media has produced novel forms of brokerage shaped by circulating images online. This new kind of brokerage involves a layered network of brokers that both shapes citizen aid efforts and creates new channels for localising aid, enhancing the control of citizen groups in the Global South over aid.     

世界博览会的经济增长效应分析

回顾举办世界博览会的发展历程,从投资、消费、改革开放与市场化角度分析举办世界博览会对经济增长的积极影响,世界博览会能够促进投资、拉动消费,具有增长极效应、开放效应和市场化效应;从政府财政支持、基础设施建设、市场开拓与组织管理、场馆及其配套设施利用角度分析世界博览会亏损产生的原因及其对经济增长产生的消极影响。2010 年上海世界博览会的举办在向世界展示中国改革开放与经济转型的伟大成就的同时,也为中国经济发展带来各种风险和挑战。     

面部整容术对颅像重合的影响分析

颅像重合法对身源不明的颅骨个体识别已在国内开展二十余年,其依据是对送检的失踪人照片面部软组织与颅骨之间标志点、线的对应量度关系做出是否同一人的认定。经多年观察总结面部整容术的方法、部位及形态与颅像重合标志点、线量度间的影响问题,对于人群中是否有部分人是面部整容术后的面像判断,提出相关专业人员的鉴定分析方法。     

现代企业制度下内部审计的作用

内部审计是强化企业内部财务控制、堵塞财务管理漏洞的一种企业内部约束机制,内部审计可提高企业管理水平和企业经济效益,内部审计可保护公共财产,实现国有资产的保值、增值,配合外部审计,完善我国审计监督体系。     

大众传媒中歧视问题探究

大众传媒对当前信息传播的重要影响毋庸置疑,由于其宣称的独立性,以及站在政治和商业权力的对立面而受到普遍的赞誉。但在这个貌似公正无私外表的掩饰下,媒体却对现实社会中众多的“歧视”观念的产生和延续有着不可推卸的责任。