美国的公共服务改革及其启示

公共服务民营化是美国近年来公共服务改革的核心措施。从美国的经验来看,能否处理好民营化与竞争、民营化与社会公正、民营化与公众安全的关系,以及民营化与政府监管的关系直接关系到公共服务改革的成效。     

Environmental liability reform and privatization in Central and Eastern Europe

The legacy of severe environmental degradation inherited by the new Central and Eastern European (CEE) economies requires liability reform to aid the cleanup of existing pollution sources and create incentives for future environmental risk reduction. The paper analyzes a host of liability approaches to meet these goals, given economic and institutional characteristics specific to the CEE nations, and explores the impact of environmental liability rules on privatization and foreign investment. A principal conclusion of the analysis is that, for a host of efficiency-based reasons, liability should not be retroactively applied to the new owners of privatized firms. Also, the paper advocates the use of national liability funds to finance the cost of existing liabilities, while highlighting dangers associated with their use. In addition to the desirability of alternative privatization mechanisms, the paper also analyzes altemative liability rules to govern prospective environmental hazards.     

THE PRIVATIZATION OF VIOLENCE*

Norbert Elias's (1939) work on “the civilizing process” highlighted the long‐term decline in violence within Western societies. A substantial amount of more recent anthropological and historical evidence suggests that violence has evolved not just quantitatively but qualitatively as well. In particular, the social characteristics of the parties to violence have changed over time. Drawing on Donald Black's (1976, 1993a) theoretical ideas on conflict management, the present paper proposes that as intimate social ties weakened and the state strengthened, collective and nonintimate forms of (nonpolitical) violence declined significantly. Consequently, violence increasingly became less public, more private. Pockets of residual public violence can, however, still be found within modern state societies. Privatization varies, then, across time and social space.     

经济转轨后的波兰经济

20世纪,波兰进行了政治和经济上的一系列变革,包括私有化、劳动力市场、对外贸易、外国直接投资等四方面,这种转轨总体方向是市场化,民主化,融入世界经济,加入欧盟。波兰的经济转轨过程相对于其他东欧国家是比较成功的,但失业率过高和对外贸易赤字过大等问题仍是波兰经济发展的主要矛盾。     

Post-war Kosovo landscapes in Pristina: discrepancies between language policy and urban reality

This paper focuses on the complex nature of post-war multilingual landscapes in Pristina, the capital of Kosovo, as shaped by the country’s political shift after independence in 2008. We aim to contribute to this sociolinguistically underexplored territory through an examination of the relative predominance and visibility of the capital’s most dominant languages: Albanian, Serbian, and English. Our central aim is to empirically problematize the shared co-officialdom of the Albanian and Serb languages, as put forward in the “Ahtisaari Plan” in 2007 and subsequently adopted in the State Constitution in 2008 and Language Laws in 2006 and 2008. We posit that the multilingual language policies which paint an inclusive, multi-ethnic picture of Pristina do not coincide with its monolingual Albanian reality. In addition to these empirical findings, our second aim is to contribute to the theorization of authorship in the public sphere. With reference to the Pristina context, we problematize the analytical categorization conventionally made between top-down and bottom-up agency and distinguish a third category of semi-official authorship. This third category enables us to examine the dynamic nature of the discrepancy between Kosovo’s language policy and Pristina’s urban linguistic reality in more detail.     

论公民基本权利效力的结构特点——兼辨宪法私法化与宪法司法化

公民基本权利的效力主要由公法效力(直接效力)及私法效力(间接效力)两个层面所构成,而这两个不同层面的效力分别为宪法司法化和宪法私法化提供了正当性基础。公民基本权利效力结构二元性是指公民基本权利同时具有公法效力和私法效力。其基本秩序是以公法效力为主、私法效力为辅。中国宪政的选择应以近代立宪课题为重心,以宪法司法化而不是宪法私法化为宪政实践的真正方向。     

英国公用事业民营化改革及其对我国的启示

国内外环境变化对英国国有公用事业的现状提出了严峻的挑战,于是,在保守党的带领下掀起了民营化的浪潮。出售国有资产、放松政府管制和特许投标是英国公用事业民营化的主要措施。英国公用事业民营化改革的成功给了我们如下的启示:转变观念是前提、有效竞争是关键、健全的法律制度是保障,另外要强化社会监督,同时,不可忽视民营化过程中的安全问题。     

西方国家水务民营化差异探究

西方国家水务民营化方式主要有全面民营化、公私伙伴关系和法律禁止民营化三种。西方国家水务民营化差异成因可能有文化或社会上的解释、经济学和理性选择的解释和制度上的解释。这些解释可以通过引入变量进行模型分析,然后得出初步结论,即水务民营化与水务物质技术特征有关,与社会利益表达机制有关。     

俄罗斯私有化——理想与现实的碰撞

上世纪90年代,俄罗斯为了改变经济停滞不前的现状,推行了大规模的私有化运动。然而,事与愿违,一方面,私有化导致出现的并不是改革者所设想的"外部人控股"而是"内部人控股"的企业治理结构;另一方面,私有化后,国有资产被少数金融寡头控制,导致普通民众产生了对私有化乃至整个经济转轨过程的抵触情绪,降低了人们对改革的认同度。各种利益集团都希望利用"私有化"提供的机会为自己多争得一份"苏联的遗产","私有化"一词在俄罗斯与"掠夺"和"盗窃"几乎成了同意词。因此,俄选择私有化进行经济转轨的现实与改革者的理想并不一致,它是一个由利益集团的相互冲突和妥协决定的动态过程。     

新经济自由主义研究中应该注意区分的若干问题

在我们学习和借鉴西方市场经济的理论和政策过程中,越来越多的人对西方新自由主义思潮给予关注,并进行了针对性的研究,但其中存在着不同程度的误解和不适当的态度,妨碍着我们正确对待新自由主义思潮.我们要区分新自由主义经济学中的合理因素和谬误成分,区分新自由主义经济学所涉及的利益和立场在不同时间、不同范围、不同对象上的差异,区分理论界与政策决策当局认识的异同、学术界认识与"华盛顿共识"的异同,区分新经济自由主义的国内政策和国外政策的异同,注意新自由主义经济政策与国家干预主义和保护主义经济政策的交替、转换和灵活运用.发展中国家学习和借鉴新自由主义经济学必须注意:要将市场化与市场自由化、全面市场化区分开,将对外开放与对外全面自由开放区分开,将市场化、产权改革与全面私有化区分开,将市场化与快速市场化和快速自由化区分开.