犯罪的严重性：概念与评价

犯罪的严重性是犯罪的客观危害与主观恶性的统一,它构成决定刑罚的分配的重要基准.对犯罪的严重性的评价应该以体现犯罪的客观危害与主观恶性的所有因素为标准.对犯罪的客观危害的评价应该考虑犯罪所侵害的权益的意义、犯罪的危险的大小、所造成的实际损害的轻重、犯罪的对象、时间、地点与实施程度;对犯罪的主观恶性的评价应该考虑犯罪的罪过形式、犯罪的动机与目的、认识的内容、犯罪的起因、犯罪人的生理与精神状况、犯罪人的身份以及犯罪人在犯罪中的表现.鉴于作为犯罪的严重性的组成部分的客观危害与主观恶性构成既统一又对立的关系,对犯罪的严重性的统一评价应该相应地遵循对立统一律.     

The clown's carnival in the hospital: a semiotic analysis of the medical clown's performance

The medical clown's multimodal performance in the hospital takes place within its rigid space. A clown in a hospital is a paradox. “Medical clowning” is a metaphor taken from two seemingly unrelated fields of meaning, juxtaposing what is medical, scientific, serious and logical with clowning, emotions, carnival spirit and humour. The clown addresses barriers erected by illness, pain, alienation and distress with a continuous flexible performance of humour and fantasy tailored to changing conditions and circumstances. A clown, by definition, threatens the public order and seemingly has no place in the hospital paradigm. The current article compares medical clowns to carnival clowns, examines the medical clown's flexible performance, illustrates it with case studies, presents a semiotic analysis of the clown's journey through the hospital and examines the significance of the performance on the ideological level.     

The multidimensionality of crime: A comparison of techniques for scaling delinquent careers

The construction of typologies of criminal behavior can benefit from the use of multidimensional analytic methods. Yet while some studies have applied such techniques to crime data (e.g., Shortet al, 1963; Nutch and Bloombaum, 1968; Chaiken and Chaiken, 1982), few have examined the assumptions of these methods as they apply to arrest histories. We argue that arrest histories represent a special form of data that are not ideally suited to standard multidimensional analyses. An examination of the different theoretical assumptions of factor analysis, multidimensional scaling, and variance centroid scaling (a form of correspondence analysis) reveals marked difierences in what is being uncovered by the analysis. In general, these claims are supported by an application of each technique to the arrest histories of 767 chronic juvenile delinquents.     

On penal metrics

This paper presents the results of a public survey on the perceived severity of different kinds and levels of penalties gathered using magnitude estimation techniques. Three topics are dealt with. Individual scales of sentence severity are shown to be internally consistent. Then the structural properties of the severity scales of fine, imprisonment, community work, and probation are analyzed. Finally, what a given penalty is worth in relation to other types of punishment from the public's point of view is established and compared to existing exchange rates prescribed in legal statutues or practiced by criminal courts.     

入户盗窃未遂的理论分析和实践认定

入户盗窃未遂是认定盗窃罪还是非法侵入住宅罪之争在《中华人民共和国刑法修正案（八）》颁布实施已经尘埃落定。但是,由于新修订的入户盗窃取消了时间和次数的限制,因而确有必要从法理和实践角度,对新修订的入户盗窃是否存在未遂形态、如何判断行为人以盗窃故意进入房屋、入户盗窃着手的标准认定以及入户盗窃未遂是否一律定罪处罚等一系列问题进行分析探讨。     

Risk-Taking,Recklessness and HIV Transmission: Accommodating the Reality of Sexual Transmission of HIV Within a Justifiable Approach to Criminal Liability

This paper examines the issue of justifiability of risk-taking with regard to the transmission of HIV. It considers a number of factors, such as seriousness of risk, likelihood of risk occurring, social utility of conduct involved, ability to use precautions and victim awareness of the risk and willingness to accept it, which combined help to determine whether the taking of a risk is reasonable or not. It argues that by considering the issue of justifiability in this way, it is possible to accommodate the wider social, psychological and public health realities of HIV. It further argues that a criminal law which fails to take account of such considerations is not only overly broad in its application but ultimately risks punishing those who are not in fact deserving of punishment. I would like to thank the two anonymous reviewers for their comments on an earlier draft.     

在韬晦与有为之间：中国在保障国际安全中的作用

2008年爆发的国际金融危机并未重创中国经济，反而加快了中国的崛起速度。一方面，中国正在迅速拉开与诸强之间的实力差距；另一方面，中国正在有效缩小与世界唯一超级大国——美国之间的实力差距。中国的持续快速崛起使中国面临一个更加错综复杂的国际和周边安全环境，各类安全问题不断发生，安全压力不断增加。中国对各类国际安全问题采取何种态度与政策，主要取决这些问题本身的性质。如果用重要性与紧迫性两个变量来对中国的安全问题进行分类，那么中国的安全问题就可以被分为高重要性和高紧迫性、高重要性和低紧迫性、低重要性和高紧迫性、低重要性和低紧迫性等四个类别。未来中国外交需要在韬晦和有为之间寻求新的平衡点，在国际安全事务中发挥与自身实力地位相称的作用。中国应逐步调整对外政策原则，并提出有利于国际稳定的政策主张，包括在安全事务上突出“有所作为”；以“责权力相一致”为国际安全制度改革的总体原则，以提高效率为改革方向；提倡内外合作缓解动荡。中国共产党第十八次全国代表大会的召开以及新一届中共中央领导集体的诞生，意味着中国外交调整的“机会之窗”已经打开。中国外交应当与时俱进，在国际安全领域贡献更多的“公共品”，发挥更大的作用。     

Beyond crime seriousness: Fitting the punishment to the crime

This paper presents an exposition of how the factorial survey approach may enhance empirical assessments of the complex judgment principles involved in public views of just punishments for convicted offenders. Ratings of the appropriateness of sentences given across 50 typical crimes obtained from a household sample (N=774) of the Boston SMSA and several special-interest samples in 1982 are examined in three alternative ordinary least-squares (OLS) regression equations. These analyses show there is not a one-to-one direct relationship between public perceptions of the seriousness of criminal acts and desired sanctions. Crime seriousness is modified by the characteristics of the offenders and victims and by the consequences of the crimes. Preferred punishments also vary in severity by demographic, experiential, and attitudinal characteristics of the persons who make the judgments.     

Some cautionary notes on the use of the Sellin-Wolfgang index of crime seriousness

This article points out that the analysis of Sellin-Wolfgang crime seriousness scores requires some standardization with regard to coding limits and, especially, in the method of handling zero scores. Also, suitable confidence intervals are derived for the geometric mean of the Sellin-Wolfgang scores.     

刑事政策执行方式研究——兼论宽严相济刑事政策的贯彻

中国刑事政策源远流长，因时因地不同而产生了不同的刑事政策，而各个刑事政策的执行方式也大相径庭，而其直接后果则是刑事政策执行的失败与成功。学界历来不缺对刑事政策本身的研究，但对刑事政策的执行方式却鲜有论述，本文分析了现存刑事政策执行方式的不足，提出了刑事政策执行在理论上存在的三种可能方式，并认为综合式执行方式是中国目前刑事政策执行方式的首选。