什么样的“闹大”成功了?--基于40个案例的定性比较分析

社会中层出不穷的"闹大"是公共治理状况的一面"镜子",也是转型时期政策议程建构的重要路径。本文采用清晰集定性比较分析(csQCA),对2003-2019年发生的40个"闹大"案例进行比较研究。研究结果表明,上级(层)政府支持是"闹大"成功的必要条件。推动"闹大"成功的充分条件组合共有八种,可具体归纳为制度框架使用模式、集体施压模式、专家引导模式和暴力强推模式等四种解释模型。公民"闹大"成功是多个条件组合的结果,在核心条件发挥基础作用的前提下,适当的辅助条件更容易触发政策议程,推动问题解决。文章为公民"闹大"的行动逻辑提供了新的因果解释机制,也为理解形形色色的"闹大"现象提供了新的理论工具。     

Metric forensic anthropology decisions: Reliability and biasability of sectioning-point-based sex estimates

Subjective decisions make human cognitive processes more susceptible to bias and error. Specifically, research indicates that additional context biases forensic anthropologists’ morphological analyses. To address whether metric analyses are also subject to bias, we conducted a pilot study in which 52 experienced osteologists measured a difficult-to-classify human femur, with or without additional contextual information. Using a metric sectioning-point sex-estimation method, participants provided a sex estimate for individual skeletal element(s) and, when given multiple elements, the combined skeletal assemblage. Control group participants (n = 24) measured only the femur. In addition to the femur, bias group participants (n = 28) either measured a female humerus and viewed a female-biasing photograph (n = 14) or measured a male humerus and viewed a male-biasing photograph (n = 14). We explored whether the experts in the different groups would differ in: (1) femoral measurements; (2) femoral sex-estimation conclusions; and (3) final sex-estimation conclusions for the skeletal assemblage. Although the femoral measurements and femoral sex estimates were comparable across groups, the overall sex estimates in the female-biased group were impacted by contextual information—differing from both the control and male-biased groups (p < 0.001). Our results demonstrate that cognitive bias can occur even in metric sex-estimation conclusions. Specifically, this occurred when the metric data and single-element sex estimates were synthesized into an overall estimate. Thus, our results suggest that metric methods are most vulnerable to bias when data are synthesized into an overall conclusion, highlighting the need for bias countermeasures and comprehensive statistical frameworks for synthesizing metric data to mitigate the effects of cognitive bias.     

Applying Moral Foundations Theory to the Explanation of Capital Jurors’ Sentencing Decisions

Abstract

This study applies moral foundations theory to capital juror decision making. We hypothesized that binding moral foundations would predict death qualification and punitive sentencing decisions, whereas individualizing moral foundations would be associated with juror disqualification and a leniency effect. Additionally, we considered whether moral foundations can explain differences in death penalty application between conservatives and liberals. Respondents from two independent samples participated in a mock-juror task in which the circumstances of a hypothetical defendant’s case varied. Results revealed moral foundations were strong predictors of death qualification. The binding and individualizing foundations were related to sentencing decisions in the expected ways. Supporting our contention that moral foundations operate differently across different types of cases, heterogeneity in the effects of moral foundations was observed. Finally, we found support for the hypothesis that the relationship between sentencing decisions and conservatism would be attenuated by moral foundations.     

民法典视野下担保合同效力的制度变迁

从担保行为历史、担保合同效力立法、司法实践的角度考查,担保制度经历了从人格向契约、再由契约向政策的变迁,各阶段的效力规定均体现了特定的社会背景并具有时代适应性。民法典对保证及物权担保合同中主从合同的效力关系进行了统一规定,其法定主义立场重申了对担保秩序稳定性的价值追求,反映了立法者在面对日新月异的担保现实时追求公平的整体目标,而在回应诸多新型担保方式的现实层面,司法则必将承担更宏大的历史重任。     

What do forensic analysts consider relevant to their decision making?

In response to research demonstrating that irrelevant contextual information can bias forensic science analyses, authorities have increasingly urged laboratories to limit analysts' access to irrelevant and potentially biasing information (Dror and Cole (2010) [3]; National Academy of Sciences (2009) [18]; President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (2016) [22]; UK Forensic Science Regulator (2015) [26]). However, a great challenge in implementing this reform is determining which information is task-relevant and which is task-irrelevant. In the current study, we surveyed 183 forensic analysts to examine what they consider relevant versus irrelevant in their forensic analyses. Results revealed that analysts generally do not regard information regarding the suspect or victim as essential to their analytic tasks. However, there was significant variability among analysts within and between disciplines. Findings suggest that forensic science disciplines need to agree on what they regard as task-relevant before context management procedures can be properly implemented. The lack of consensus about what is relevant information not only leaves room for biasing information, but also reveals foundational gaps in what analysts consider crucial in forensic decision making.     

刑事政策价值目标的追问

刑事政策决策者面对自由、秩序、正义、效益等价值 ,必然有所选择 ,古典主义的刑事政策、实证学派的刑事政策和新社会防卫的刑事政策 ,由于所处时代不同 ,制定刑事政策理念和基础不同 ,因而 ,呈现出不同的刑事政策价值目标的追求路径。     

试论公共政策冲突分析的工程学方法

公共政策是调整社会结构,推动社会前进直接动力之一。政策设计与工程设计具有同构性特点,二者都是目标设计与过程设计的内在统一。政策设计冲突有目标冲突和执行冲突两种基本类型,协调政策设计冲突的工程学方法有:分离法、平衡法、补偿法。     

现阶段警察教育及训练问题之探讨-以台湾警察大学教育现况为例

台湾地区警察所面临的治安挑战 ,随着社会的发展益显严峻。台湾警察大学未来之发展规划 ,将定位在对公共安全的整体思维之上。其教育特色 :1 重视品德教育 ,强调校园伦理 ;2 强化体能技术 ,培养领导能力 ;3 落实全人教育 ,培养健全干部 ;4 重视法学教育 ,落实依法行政 ;5 兼顾理论实务 ,注重建教合作。发展远景 :1 提升学术研究与教学品质 ;2 培养优秀专业人才 ;3 配合治安等领域之需求 ,发挥研究智库功能 ;4 推动终身学习 ,扩大社会服务功能 ;5 增进行政效率 ,提升竞争力。     

涉外劳动纠纷中竞业禁止协议准据法之研究——以微软与Google纠纷案为视角

竞业禁止协议的准据法确定问题,直接决定着涉外民商事关系主体应承担的具体权利、义务和责任,尤其是由于此类协议在一定程度上限制了雇员的择业自由,适用不当极有可能演变为雇主不正当竞争的工具,故此各国立法对其的有效性均采取审慎态度,并按照所奉行的公共政策对其进行法律调整。     

法治的实现目标及其途径

法治社会的价值目标是追求民主、平等;法治的核心问题是约束、限制权力;法治国家的本质特征是体现民治;实现 法治化的基本途径是建立安全、方便、经济的参政方式。