联合国维和人员性犯罪的刑事管辖障碍与改进建议

联合国维和人员性犯罪问题严重侵犯东道国受害者的人权并使联合国声誉受到重创。各管辖主体在对犯罪嫌疑人实际行使刑事管辖权时,存在诸多障碍:维和人员在东道国享有豁免;各国刑法在域外适用上的规定不同和派遣国主观上不愿对本国维和人员性犯罪行使管辖权;维和人员性犯罪难以被认定构成国际罪行;混合法庭须经东道国同意才能成立;维和人员性犯罪是否构成《罗马规约》中规定的国际罪行和受《罗马规约》约束的国家有限。改进建议包括:多方管辖权相互补充;成立对性剥削和性虐待作出快速反应的小组;起草《联合国官员和特派专家刑事责任公约草案》;联合国在东道国设立混合法庭;派遣国在东道国进行实地军事审判等。     

CSR and social conflict in the Brazilian extractive sector

ABSTRACT

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is an important means to address conflicts, support local development and build trust between businesses and civil society. Yet CSR often fails to live up to its ambitions and can even exacerbate conflicts between companies and communities. In this article we consider how changing CSR strategies over the past four decades between Brazilian company Vale to Norwegian company Hydro have fomented or mitigated company–community conflicts in Northern Brazil. We find that paternalistic and philanthropic approaches of Vale over time led to deep resentment and mistrust due to underdevelopment and environmental damages. Moreover, while Hydro’s more modern CSR strategies sought to deepen community engagement and build legitimacy, the company has struggled in addressing the legacies inherited from Vale and past and current civil society grievances. The case suggests that even forward-thinking CSR approaches are vulnerable to failure where they prioritise business risk over community engagement, neglect to account for past legacies in areas of operation, and fail to create a shared vision of future development. It suggests that EI companies should both understand and engage with their social and environmental impacts in the past, present, and future and create shared economic benefits in the short and long term in order to address social conflicts.     

What do forensic analysts consider relevant to their decision making?

In response to research demonstrating that irrelevant contextual information can bias forensic science analyses, authorities have increasingly urged laboratories to limit analysts' access to irrelevant and potentially biasing information (Dror and Cole (2010) [3]; National Academy of Sciences (2009) [18]; President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (2016) [22]; UK Forensic Science Regulator (2015) [26]). However, a great challenge in implementing this reform is determining which information is task-relevant and which is task-irrelevant. In the current study, we surveyed 183 forensic analysts to examine what they consider relevant versus irrelevant in their forensic analyses. Results revealed that analysts generally do not regard information regarding the suspect or victim as essential to their analytic tasks. However, there was significant variability among analysts within and between disciplines. Findings suggest that forensic science disciplines need to agree on what they regard as task-relevant before context management procedures can be properly implemented. The lack of consensus about what is relevant information not only leaves room for biasing information, but also reveals foundational gaps in what analysts consider crucial in forensic decision making.     

“党建”与“共建”:形塑基层社会治理格局的双重逻辑——基于杭州市D区的考察

从党的政策表述及当前实践来看,基层社会治理格局的形塑过程蕴含着“党建”与“共建”的双重逻辑。“党建”的出发点是巩固党的组织优势和执政基础,表现为基层组织体系从“有形覆盖”走向“有效覆盖”,进而为引领基层社会治理准备条件。“共建”要求探索“一核多元”的治理模式,既要实现基层党组织对“共建”力量的联结和协调,也要保障多元治理主体的有效参与,同步推进群众自治、社会共治和公共服务。“党建”与“共建”的双重逻辑呈现,亦关联着社会治理研究范式的更新。     

骨龄自动化评估的研究进展

骨龄是反映人体生长发育的一项重要指标,能够较为客观地反映个体生长发育水平及成熟度。传统的人工骨龄评估通常是将左手腕X线片与参考标准进行比较,从而获得相应的骨龄值,该方法既耗时又存在观察者间的差异。近年来,随着计算机科学的不断发展,促使骨龄评估开始由传统的人工评估向自动化评估转变。虽然骨龄自动化评估的研究已相当多,但大部分仍处于实验阶段。本文综述了近年来国内外学者在骨龄自动化评估方面的相关研究与进展,以期为相关研究人员提供参考与研究思路。     

论国际投资中的国家责任问题

国际投资中的国家责任问题主要涉及国际投资的法律保护问题 ,如对外国投资和投资者的待遇标准、国有化或征收及其补偿问题。另外 ,还涉及特许权协议、拒绝司法、外交保护等问题。就外资待遇而言 ,发展中国家应根据其经济发展的实际情况在双边投资保护条约中慎重承诺。笔者通过对国有化问题的分析 ,认为国家在这个问题上所承担的国家责任不是传统国际法上的国家责任 ,而是一种“合法行为引起的国家责任”。关于特许协议 ,笔者认为它是国内契约。此外 ,在国际投资中 ,还涉及因污染转嫁而产生的国家责任。     

刑事政策价值目标的追问

刑事政策决策者面对自由、秩序、正义、效益等价值 ,必然有所选择 ,古典主义的刑事政策、实证学派的刑事政策和新社会防卫的刑事政策 ,由于所处时代不同 ,制定刑事政策理念和基础不同 ,因而 ,呈现出不同的刑事政策价值目标的追求路径。     

论罪犯改造中的情感及教育

罪犯在改造中的一般情感特点有:不良的心境;消极的激情;缺乏社会性情感。罪犯情绪发生的心理机制有以境生情和以情生情两种模式。实施情感教育是对罪犯进行人格改造的一种有效方式,但必须注意情感教育的艺术化。     

同种数罪处罚原则新说

数罪并罚问题无论是在刑法学理论上还是在司法实务中都是一个非常重要的问题 ,而同种数罪该不该实行并罚更是刑法学领域争论的焦点之一。目前 ,在司法实务中 ,大多是把其作为一罪从重处罚的。笔者认为 :同种数罪也是数罪 ,将其实行并罚制更有利于打击犯罪、体现罪刑相适应的原则 ,从立法技术的角度来看也更具科学性。     

新形势下发展基层工人队伍的先进性

新形势下,工人阶级特别是基层工人队伍,如何进一步发扬其先进性,已成为一个十分重要的问题。面对诸多新的挑战,工人队伍要继续发扬其先进性,在建设社会主义市场经济和实现中华民族伟大复兴中发挥重要作用。