Taiwan: An Internal Affair! How China’s Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy Interact on the Taiwan Issue?

Taiwan may be an internal affair but the domestic public opinion is not invited to participate very much in a debate and a decision-making process that have remained confined to the Chinese Communist Party and the military top leadership and, on purpose, involves a very small number of officials and experts. Conservative and nationalist forces do constrain Beijing’s Taiwan policy. And some leaders are tempted to use the Taiwan issue for unrelated domestic or foreign policy purpose. Nevertheless, what is striking is the potential for flexibility in China’s Taiwan policy. While Chinese local governments and companies’ increasing interests in business-as-usual in the Strait and the unbearable cost of any armed conflict tend to narrow the government’s options, concentration of power and the efficiency of the propaganda machine allow it to rather smoothly manage, in particular vis-à-vis the elites’ conservative opinion group as well as its own public opinion, this flexibility.     

在沪日侨与近代上海公共租界市政决策--以1935年至1936年反对电话加价运动为个案

公用事业价格议定是近代市政决策的一项重要内容，能否充分参与其中，是衡量市民权是否充分伸张的指标之一。1935至1936年反对电话加价运动中，在沪日侨通过用户代表请愿、工部局日籍董事力争、纳税人提案和日籍电话专家介入调查等方式，对租界市政决策形成了一定的舆论压力和行政阻力，影响了电话价格厘定。公共租界相关议政和决策机制的存在，使日侨民意表达渠道保持了相对畅通，近代日本在上海全面干预的总方针也无疑促成了日侨在租界电话价格议定过程中的发言权。     

毛泽东获取决策信息的途径探析

以毛泽东为核心的党中央领导集体运用马克思主义唯物辩证法和历史唯物主义的观点和方法，在新民主主义和社会主义革命、建设中做出一个个重大决策。请示报告是党政军系统最正规的信息系统源；毛泽东在革命和建设实践中摸索出来的调查研究方法途径；报刊杂志对国内外信息的涵盖；信访对社会最直接问题和矛盾的反应；亲密人员的信息填补等，这些决策信息的取得直接影响着毛泽东决策科学性的做出，折射出信息对决策的重要支撑性。因此，要了解毛泽东的各项重大决策，决策信息的探究就显得尤为重要。     

情报研究中的五个重要问题

情报研究中有五个重要的理论问题。传统情报观念对国家情报、情报评估、知彼知己、实事求是、情报与决策关系等问题的认识存在误区。厘清这五个问题，对我们认识情报世界、改进我们的情报工作极有帮助。     

从渐进决策理论看我国行政管理体制改革

渐进决策理论是林德布洛姆在修正全面理性决策理论和有限理性决策理论的基础上提出的。其基本原则是按部就班、质变到量变和稳中求变。我国行政体例改革采取渐进式改革有其必然性。深化我国行政管理体制改革应整体推行渐进式改革、局部采取激进式改革、渐进式改革与激进式改革相互协调。     

欧盟危机管理初探

欧盟以保障公众健康为首要宗旨的危机管理机制,因有关法律法规的出台及食品安全局的正式运行趋于完善。变革后的机制拥有较为完善的组织结构,并体现出许多强化欧盟危机管理效能的新特点。另一方面,危机管理本质上是一种非程序化决策过程,管理者应拥有非常态下一切必要权变所需的充分权力资源。但欧盟变革后的危机管理机制却体现出法权资源相对不足并实行二元化管理等与欧盟总体结构布局相一致的特征,这在一定程度上又对欧盟危机管理效能的充分实现带来了一定的负面影响。     

经济转轨期我国公共政策决策模型的选择

在复杂多变的社会转型期 ,公共政策作为政府调控社会成员之间的利益关系 ,实现公共利益的合理分配及具体行政目标的重要手段之一 ,越来越发挥着举足轻重的作用。我国当前正处在经济转轨期 ,不可避免地涉及到如何运用合理的决策模型去制定科学有效的公共政策。实践证明 ,只有符合中国化的决策模型才能解决社会转型所带来的问题 ,因此中国的现代化发展必须更多地借鉴综合扫描决策模型的道路     

法证科学领域的决策

随着法证DNA证据以及它所适用的概率模型日益凸显,反映了传统法证科学的局限性,并使人们对法证科学领域的决策产生了越来越多的质疑,焦点集中在对结论的解读方式和实际运用。分析表明,科学证据的本质不是绝对性或确定性的,而是概率性的;同时,事实审判者需要基于这些概率性的证据对事实作出明确的决定。因此,对于法证科学领域的决策,应当是专家在一系列归纳得出的特定假设基础上,就研究结果的概率进行恰当的报告,由事实审判者承担对概率作出决断的任务。     

The introduction of forensic advisors in Belgium and their role in the criminal justice system

Forensic advisors (FA) at the National Institute for Criminalistics and Criminology (NICC), generalists in forensic science, act as an advising body to the magistrate to improve communication between the various parties involved in the investigation: magistrate, police and crime scene investigators, and forensic experts. Their role is manifold, but their main objectives are to optimise trace processing by selecting the most pertinent traces in the context of the case and by advising magistrates on the feasibility of forensic analyses in particular circumstances in regards to the latest technical advances.Despite the absence of a legal framework governing their role and involvement in judicial cases, the demand for their services has increased over the years. Initially, forensic advisors were called for complex homicide cases. Due to the proximity with the Public Prosecutor's Office, the types of offences for which their expertise was sought have become more diverse (mainly including robbery, burglary and sexual assault cases), leading to a diversity in the types of cases handled by the forensic advisors (complex, simple and review).In many of the cases they are requested for, in addition to consulting on the best analytical strategy, forensic advisors also assume the role of case coordinator regarding the seized objects and their respective analyses. Indeed, in the majority of cases treated by the FAs, two or more types of expertise have been requested and performed, either at the internal laboratories of NICC or at external laboratories.This paper explains the role of the forensic advisors in Belgium, the path that let to their current status and problems encountered.     

从“不签字不手术”看“告知后同意法则”——对医患关系的再思考

"告知后同意法则"对现代医患关系之改善有根本性的影响,其旨在希望借助法律的医师说明义务,来加强医患间的沟通以增进患者对医师之信赖,尊重和维护患者的自主权,进而使医患关系趋向和谐。在实践中,我们既要注重法则自身的刚性,同时又必须依特殊的情形——危及生命安全适用其柔性,以避免患者掉入空虚的自主权。