备战打仗中的国际人道法规则运用

国际人道法的基本原则之一是区分对待战斗员和平民,以便在武装冲突中有效地对战争受难者进行保护,平衡"军事必要"与"人道需求"这一矛盾。从实践经验上看,我军在战争中往往守法做的比较好,而在对付敌人违法作战方面准备不足。在未来军事斗争中应利用国际人道法的相关知识,做到既严格遵守又灵活运用。具体做法包括:将遵守国际人道规则列入部队训练和演习内容;运用国际人道法合理进行目标选择与打击;做到正确、灵活地对待和使用保护性标志;灵活处置国际人道法的守势反用等。     

The demise of the intervention paradigm—resilience thinking in the Merida Initiative

Post-Cold War interventions have gone through a series of distinct paradigms—each allowing for its own oppositional discourse. This possibility seems to be diminishing with the rise of resilience thinking. In the early 1990s, liberal internationalist framings drove intervention by prioritising individual human rights over state rights to non-interference. Here, it was possible to oppose intervention as illegal boundary violation and unaccountable foreign rule. Neo-liberal approaches circumvented the legal problematic by conflating sovereignty with the capacity for good governance. However, they depended on a strong sociocultural dichotomy, giving rise to accusations of neo-colonialism. In contrast, the resilience discourse emphasises the positive, transformative aspects of local agency, rather than seeing it as deficient and needing paternal guidance. This paper argues that by claiming to merely plus up already existing social practices, international policy engagement in the Global South becomes difficult to conceive as boundary transgression or hierarchical imposition. These insights are drawn out with reference to the Merida Initiative, a US-Mexican security agreement signed in 2007.     

《空战和导弹战国际人道法手册》起草进展及问题分析

由美国哈佛大学"人道主义政策与冲突研究"项目负责的《空战和导弹战国际人道法手册》(下称《手册》)近期形成了2007年新的草案本文及评注,表明该项目又取得了阶段性成果。从进展情况看,《手册》在寻求军事需要与人道主义要求之间平衡上,解决得不是很好,如扩大了"军事目标"的范围,放宽了对武器的限制,缩小了某些受保护的对象范围,出现了与制定《手册》初衷不符的倾向,值得引起注意。     

国际人道主义法与国际人权法之比较

国际人道主义法旨在为一方权力之下的武装冲突受难者提供人道主义保护 ,保护的是战争中不与军事必要相冲突的人权 ,它有着悠久的历史渊源和一整套国际实施机制。国际人权法旨在为所有作为人所享有或应享有的基本权利提供平等的保护 ,它适用于任何个人和任何情势。人权纳入国际保护始于二战结束以后 ,它主要由国内法来保障。由于国际人道主义法和国际人权法在对个人权利的保障上存在着共同的价值取向 ,容易使人们混淆两者之间的关系 ,其实两者是国际法的不同分支部门 ,但它们存在着交融之处 ,并互相影响、互相作用。     

联合国人道主义干涉的法律思考

20世纪末以来出现了不同于19世纪单方面人道主义干涉的干涉行动,即以安理会为主导的联合国人道主义干涉,其合法性依据主要在于对宪章第39条的合理解释,其在实践中面临的安理会授权难题也可以通过安理会改革的方式获得解决。     

Relationship Between Two Types of Help Seeking Behavior in Domestic Violence Victims

A coordinated community response system to the help-seeking behaviors of domestic violence victims is critical to minimize the impact of violent events and to educate the public, so that safe and effective conflict management skills may replace violent responses. The focus for the present study is to identify and analyze victims’ choices of law enforcement assistance in stopping the violence and/or aid through the services of the regional family violence center. Some victims select legal channels of support; others rely exclusively on social service support, and others seek assistance from both sources. Characteristics of victims whose cases followed two types of help-seeking behavior patterns—legal support or social support–were determined through archived data from both the records of a regional family violence center (FVC) (n=258) and domestic violence incident reports of a police department serving a city of approximately 200,000 citizens (n=127). Findings indicate that African American victims more frequently sought protection through law enforcement sources than they did through family violence center services, and the reverse was true for Euro-Americans.     

Security development and the Palestinian Authority: an examination of the ‘Canadian factor’

The Palestinian Authority has become a major recipient of development assistance with a primary area of focus on the development of security capacities. As a case study in the securitisation of aid, this article demonstrates how Canadian development aid has been almost exclusively aimed towards areas of security enhancements. Detailing what Canadian security development actors call ‘the Canadian factor’, the article argues that the securitisation of aid is a mobilisation of security expertise to advance the strategic interests of major donors. In detailing the donors as beneficiaries of aid, the article describes how the ‘success story’ of development aid in Palestine is a reflection of how security aid functions to advance the interests of donors as opposed to populations under the recipient authorities.     

High‐Conflict Divorce: A form of Child Neglect

In high‐conflict divorce cases, the emotional toll on the family unit is unquestionably destructive. While the physical and mental health of the children should be the primary focus, the emotional turmoil of a high‐conflict divorce often moves the focus away from the children as parents struggle emotionally and financially. Although the best interests of the children are always in the judicial purview, the repeated, lengthy, and hostile litigation process often associated with high‐conflict dissolution has lasting effects on the physical and mental health of children, similar to those associated with physical abuse and neglect. Child Protective Services (CPS) must step in and protect the emotional well‐being of children during high‐conflict divorce cases.     

国际武装冲突法及其相关概念辨析

目前,学界使用战争法、武装冲突法、战争与武装冲突法、国际人道法和国际人道主义法等词汇表达类似甚至是相同的法律体系。笔者认为国际武装冲突法及国际人道法是目前并行的两种法律体系,国际武装冲突法可以囊括国际人道法,但国际人道法却不能替代国际武装冲突法。其称谓不同,反映的是传播、研究者的职能需求及立场不同。     

“自治”与“管制”之间:“矫治”的界限与基准——以“房屋限购令”为切入点

"房屋限购令"对市场的干预在权力来源、行使方式、政策考量因素等方面存在与宪政原理、行政法原则相悖之处,其权力运行形式亦游离于行政立法的控权范围,跨越了政府对市场的干预界限。作为一种重要的制度安排,政府对市场失灵的"矫治"限度在于市场基本经济规律的恪守与建立在基本权利划定基础上的权利尊重。市场财产权配置、权力与控权力的对比均衡度则应当成为政府是否越界干涉市场主体权利的两个判断基准。