朱子学的日本化与兰学的兴起

德川吉宗就任德川幕府第八代将军时,为便于引进西方学术而缓和禁书制度,使日本开始了对西方科学(日本称为兰学)的引入和吸收。但这种靠政治力量扶植的科学文化在日本能否存在下去和得到更大规模的发展,还取决于当时的社会文化环境,尤其是与当时主要意识形态朱子学的关系。而朱子学日本化过程中对自然和人的认识的变迁使兰学的兴起,乃至更大的发展都成为可能了。     

Japanization of Modern Chinese Buzzwords——A case study of the word “yan”

Recently, the number of new words and buzzwords in Chinese borrowed from Japanese has exceeded vocabulary from other languages including English and French etc., showing a obvious trend of Japanization. Most of these new words were firstly borrowed, adapted and used by the young and later quickly spread via the Internet, among which some are frequently used by the mainstream media and finally accepted by the public with fixed connotation. Since most of these words are not included in dictionaries, they often cause communication difficulty and misunderstanding between people of different ages and social groups. Meanwhile, these new words and buzzwords become the target of severe criticism due to their clear Japanese characteristics and the widespread belief that they are the result of cultural invasion. With a case study of the word “yan”, this paper attempts to explore the Japanization of new words and buzzwords popular in modern China and the causes behind this trend to promote proper understanding of this trend so that it can provide help on proper use of modern Chinese language.     

江户时代日本知识分子对儒学的态度

江户时代日本知识分子与古代不同,他们对儒学既虚心学习吸收,又采取理性的态度进行批判与改造。他们并不是全面否定中国儒学,对孔子、孟子学说基本上是持尊崇态度,对宋明理学则大力加以批判,而这种批判,既不限于宋儒,亦非儒学本身,而是儒学中的"臆度之见"和"支离破碎、细末无用之事"。日本知识分子注重实践,趋于实用,也即是他们所说的"益"是否有无,成为判断一种学说的标准和价值取向。他们吸取中国儒学之精华,却除其糟粕,最终使中国儒学日本化。他们自身亦成为中日文化交流的桥梁。