以文化生命体的观点审视文化遗产地的可持续发展--以云南丽江古城为例

在一个具有生命力的文化遗产地,文化不是以独立的形态存在的,每种文化都有其依附的载体。自然生境、历史意境和创造该文化的人构成了三位一体的文化生命体,其中文化是其灵魂,人是其创造者,自然生境、历史意境及人是文化的载体。通过不断发挥人的主观能动性和创造性,文化生命体便得以持续发展。     

Overview of: “Crime Place and Pollution: Expanding Crime Reduction Options Through a Regulatory Approach”

Research Summary Crime reduction policy has focused almost exclusively on offenders. Recent studies and evaluations show that expanding our policy portfolio to include places may be highly productive. We show that there is considerable research showing that crime is concentrated at a relatively few locations, that high-crime places are stable, that changing places can reduce crime, that displacement is not only far from inevitable but also less likely than the diffusion of crime prevention benefits, and that owners of high-crime places can be held accountable for the criminogenic conditions of their locations. We link these findings to environmental policy, where environmental scientists, economists, and regulators have developed a broad set of regulatory options. The core of this article describes a portfolio of environmental policy instruments directly applicable to crime places. We also discuss major decisions local governments will need to make to implement various forms of regulation, and we list challenges that governments must anticipate in planning for such implementation. We argue that a regulatory approach to crime places has the potential to lower the cost to taxpayers of reducing crime by shifting costs from governments to the relatively few place owners whose actions create crime-facilitating conditions. Policy Implications Taking a regulatory approach to crime places substantially expands the crime policy options under consideration. Regulatory options may increase local governments’ effectiveness at reducing crime while reducing governments’ costs. This is because regulatory approaches have the potential to shift some portion of the financial burden for crime fighting to owners of criminogenic locations. Policy makers can select between means-based anticrime regulations that focus on how place owners manage their locations and ends-based regulations that focus on the number of crimes allowed at places. Both of these approaches contain several alternative regulatory instruments, each with its own set of advantages and disadvantages. Experimenting with various regulatory instruments could lead to the development of a range of new crime reduction policies. In addition, a regulatory approach has implications for the funding of policy research. Means-based regulatory instruments require governments to develop evidence that the means they regulate have the desired impact on crime. Ends-based regulatory instruments shift this burden to the regulated places.     

娱乐场所管理中治安信息之思考

治安信息是与治安管理工作、社会治安状况、治安环境等一切与治安有联系的客观情况，它是社会状态、社会行为与社会心理在公共安全方面的意识存留。在娱乐场所管理中治安信息的作用十分重要，它不但是行政管理决策的基础，也是沟通行政部门的纽带，是行政协调、监督、控制的依据。为此应通过各种有效途径获取治安信息，以期对娱乐场所治安管理发挥效能，进而促进社会经济发展，有利于社会主义和谐社会之构建。     

论我国异地商会管理体制的完善

随着社会主义市场经济的发展,近年来异地商会大量出现,对沟通政府和企业,推动区域经济合作交流起到了重要作用。然而由于相关法律制度的滞后性,在异地商会的管理体制上还存在着法律规定欠缺、外部管理体制混乱、内部管理体制不规范等问题。为此,应当制定统一的商会法,正确处理政府与商会的关系、转变政府职能、合理引导异地商会的发展,改革双重管理体制、使之逐渐向一元管理体制转变,放松一地一业一会的限制,完善异地商会的章程和内部组织机构,并建立健全民主决策机制和内部监督机制。     

对取消治安行政审批后娱乐场所治安管理的思考

取消娱乐场所设立的治安审批是顺应社会主义市场经济发展的客观要求,但同时也给公安机关传统治安管理模式带来了严峻的挑战,为此,公安机关必须增强服务意识、创新意识,积极探索新形势下娱乐场所治安管理新机制。     

TRAJECTORIES OF CRIME AT PLACES: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF STREET SEGMENTS IN THE CITY OF SEATTLE*

Studies of crime at micro places have generally relied on cross‐sectional data and reported the distributions of crime statistics over short periods of time. In this paper we use official crime data to examine the distribution of crime at street segments in Seattle, Washington, over a 14‐year period. We go beyond prior research in two ways. First, we view crime trends at places over a much longer period than other studies that have examined micro places. Second, we use group‐based trajectory analysis to uncover distinctive developmental trends in our data. Our findings support the view that micro places generally have stable concentrations of crime events over time. However, we also find that a relatively small proportion of places belong to groups with steeply rising or declining crime trajectories and that these places are primarily responsible for overall city trends in crime. These findings are particularly important given the more general decline in crime rates observed in Seattle and many other American cities in the 1990s. Our study suggests that the crime drop can be understood not as a general process that occurred across the city landscape but one that was generated in a relatively small group of micro places with strong declining crime trajectories over time.     

THE LAW OF CRIME CONCENTRATION AND THE CRIMINOLOGY OF PLACE*

According to Laub (2004), criminology has a developmental life course with specific turning points that allow for innovations in how we understand and respond to crime. I argue that criminology should take another turn in direction, focusing on microgeographic hot spots. By examining articles published in Criminology, I show that only marginal attention has been paid to this area of study to date—often termed the criminology of place. I illustrate the potential utility of a turning point by examining the law of crime concentration at place, which states that for a defined measure of crime at a specific microgeographic unit, the concentration of crime will fall within a narrow bandwidth of percentages for a defined cumulative proportion of crime. By providing the first cross‐city comparison of crime concentration using a common geographic unit, the same crime type, and examining a general crime measure, I find strong support for a law of crime concentration. I also show that crime concentration stays within a narrow bandwidth across time, despite strong volatility in crime incidents. By drawing from these findings, I identify several key research questions for future study. In conclusion, I argue that a focus on the criminology of place provides significant opportunity for young scholars and has great promise for advancing criminology as a science.     

福建省娱乐场所涉毒问题现状及治理对策

自20世纪90年代末新型毒品进入福建省娱乐场所后,在七八年的时间里,这些场所内滥用的毒品从最初的摇头丸发展为现在的多种类、混合型毒品并存,消费人群也在成倍增长,由此产生的社会危害性日益突出。福建省各地禁毒执法部门针对本地娱乐场所的涉毒情况陆续开展了整治工作,但一些工作上的难点直接制约了治理成效,因而有必要探讨加强娱乐场所涉毒问题的治理对策。     

论容留卖淫罪、容留吸毒罪的“容留”

容留卖淫罪、容留吸毒罪的"容留"指为卖淫、吸毒者提供行为场所,不包括提供其他便利行为。提供场所后才明知场所使用者有卖淫、吸毒活动不制止或不中止提供场所是否构成容留应具体情况具体分析,不能一概而论。场所的本质特征是行为人有权控制且能控制。共同控制人在共同控制的场所中卖淫或吸毒,其他共同控制人知情不制止、甚至为其放风报信不构成容留,明知场所的共同控制人容留卖淫或吸毒不制止,只有在行为人事先知情事中不制止才构成容留共犯。     

国家公园法是否应当确认游憩功能

研究者对于正在制定的我国《国家公园法》是否应当确认游憩功能,尚有争议,这将直接影响该部法律的相关制度安排。否认立法应确认游憩功能的观点,具有保护环境的合理性,但未关注国家公园的全民共享性,未以发展的眼光看待保护理念与国际潮流的顺应,欠缺科学性。通过立法确认国家公园的游憩功能具备自然基础、现实基础和社会价值。国家公园游憩功能的法律确认与制度安排,以游憩功能的法律属性界定为核心,游憩不是自然权利及法定权利,也不是主观权利,只能是客观秩序,公众无法向国家提出诉求,游憩利益只有依托国家履行义务才能实现。我国《国家公园法》的相关制度安排,应以管理主体的职责配置为重心,充分保障游憩这一客观秩序的实现。