企业与利益相关者关系的重新定位——基于哈贝马斯对话伦理的研究

企业与利益相关者关系的理论分析主要集于工具性视角与规范性视角.工具性视角以经济绩效为追求,由于未更好地嵌入规范的社会理论当中,其目的虽明确但方向却不然.规范性视角以阐明企业经营中利益相关者参与的应然内涵为己任,其超然的独白角色难免冷落的际遇.利益相关者的实践模式亦须超越.藉由对话伦理的分析,为重新定位和探索企业与利益相关者的关系提供了新机遇,无论是对利益相关者理论的理路承接,还是对既有命题的逻辑阐释,都显示较强的逻辑自洽性.进一步,由此构建的对话实现框架,为企业经营实践提供了新参照.这些都为进一步反思当前企业社会责任的若干问题给予了深刻警醒.     

Making a difference: On the constraints of consensus building and the relevance of deliberation in stakeholder dialogues

This article illuminates the contribution of stakeholder dialogues to environmental policy making. It makes a distinction between stakeholder dialogues as consensus building and stakeholder dialogues as deliberation. Although consensus building seems to be the dominant approach in participatory environmental policy making, this article questions the merits of consensus building and it uses the experience of the Dutch stakeholder dialogue project Climate OptiOns for the Long term (COOL) to explore, in a deliberative design, the shortcomings of a consensus-building approach and how they are possibly dealt with. The article presents the results of two deliberative methods that have been used in the COOL project – the repertory grid analysis and the dialectical approach – to demonstrate how a deliberative design can help policy makers to critically assess arguments in favor of and against a broad range of policy options, and deal with stakeholder conflict in an early phase of the policy process.     

跨域生态环境协同治理:何以可能与何以可为

跨域生态环境问题通常发生在不同行政区域之间,兼具了一般环境问题的共性特征,同时表现出自身的独特性,致使传统的属地管理模式效率较低,亟须寻求新的治理方式。协同治理作为新兴的治理模式,契合了跨域生态环境治理的要求,能够发挥协调各方、平衡价值的功能,有助于促进利益相关者的共同理解和内部合法性。因此,将协同治理嵌入跨域生态环境问题的解决过程,具有必要性和可能性。为促成跨域生态环境协同治理,需要就理念、法律、组织和制度等路径进行探索。     

The state of the art in privacy impact assessment

There is growing interest in Europe in privacy impact assessment (PIA). The UK introduced the first PIA methodology in Europe in 2007, and Ireland followed in 2010. PIAs provide a way to detect potential privacy problems, take precautions and build tailored safeguards before, not after, the organisation makes heavy investments in the development of a new technology, service or product. This paper presents some findings from the Privacy Impact Assessment Framework (PIAF) project and, in particular, the project's first deliverable, which analyses the similarities and differences between PIA methodologies in Australia, Canada, Hong Kong, Ireland, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States, with a view to picking out the best elements which could be used in constructing an optimised PIA methodology for Europe. The project, which began in January 2011, is being undertaken for the European Commission's Directorate General Justice. The first deliverable was completed in September. The paper provides some background on privacy impact assessment, identifies some of its benefits and discusses elements that can be used in construction of a state-of-the-art PIA methodology.     

Identity orientation and stakeholder engagement—the corporatisation of elite schools

Identity orientation provides a means to understand the social motivations of organisational relationships and organisational policy and practices. This study uses identity orientation to understand the highly marketised context of independent ‘elite’ schools in Australia and how they relate to stakeholders to straddle their roles as social institutions that are increasingly required to operate in a corporate manner. Interviews with managers in quite new school roles such as marketing communication and business management were conducted in non‐government schools to understand the schools' external orientations, coveted internal member traits, and frames of reference. The study shows that, in contrast to existing literature on the rhetoric of schools as focusing on ‘the child’, there was a strong emphasis on individualistic orientations in schools that saw stakeholders in instrumental terms of resources and connections, saw teachers as providing an innovative and leading edge, and used other prestigious schools as their frame of reference. To a lesser extent, schools would also be interested in the relationships with families, teachers, and the community for their own means. There were very few instances where the identity orientation was contributing to society, instead, focusing on university and network outcomes for pupils. Using identity orientation provides a theoretical lens to connect organisational governance to stakeholder engagement by providing insights into an organisation's identity including practices and behaviours, in relation to others. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

生态补偿范围及其利益相关者辨析

以生态补偿所要解决的问题本质为出发点，从实现生态服务公共物品非市场化价值、内化生态环境保护行为外部性、以及重新分配生态环境保护利益相关者的权利三方面展开论述，试界定生态补偿的外延，厘清生态补偿的范围。     

工具、治理、客观实存——政策网络的三个维度

政策网络首先是客观实在,其次是理论分析的工具,再次是作为一种价值判断,才应是公共治理的新模式。因此,政策网络含有三个维度：作为政策运行的客观实在,关系型社会的现实使中国的决策过程存在于＂人格化结构＂非常明显的复杂政策关系网中;作为理论分析的典型范式,考虑个体间博弈、制度规约,建立包括制度、结构、个体博弈要素的政策网络概念模型;作为公共治理的理想状态,协商民主机制的建立健全与公民社会充分发展是其走向现实的必要条件。     

政策利益相关者行为模式与规则的渐进调整——来自上海医疗卫生改革的经验

试图以上海医疗卫生改革政策制定和重构城市新型医疗服务体系为案例,对政策过程中利益相关者行为模式变化与政策规则调整的渐进主义特征做出解释.通过案例研究和制度分析的方法,本研究发现如何控制利益相关者的阻力行为以及强化决策者的预期信念,对于推动政策变迁的进程至关重要.上海市医疗卫生政策决策者是否能够进一步推进改革政策的进程在很大程度上不仅依赖于其对已有政策的效果(即相关者行为模式的变化与预期的方向相吻合或一致的限度),而且还取决于其对进一步改革政策下利益相关者行为模式变化的预期能力及其一致性的信念.     

Constructing a surveillance impact assessment

This paper describes surveillance impact assessment (SIA), a methodology for identifying, assessing and resolving risks, in consultation with stakeholders, posed by the development of surveillance systems. This paper appears to be the first such to elaborate an SIA methodology. It argues that the process of conducting an SIA should be similar to that of a privacy impact assessment (PIA), but that an SIA must take account of a wider range of issues, impacts and stakeholders. The paper categorises the issues and impacts to be considered in the conduct of an SIA and identifies the benefits of a properly conducted SIA.