What do forensic analysts consider relevant to their decision making?

In response to research demonstrating that irrelevant contextual information can bias forensic science analyses, authorities have increasingly urged laboratories to limit analysts' access to irrelevant and potentially biasing information (Dror and Cole (2010) [3]; National Academy of Sciences (2009) [18]; President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (2016) [22]; UK Forensic Science Regulator (2015) [26]). However, a great challenge in implementing this reform is determining which information is task-relevant and which is task-irrelevant. In the current study, we surveyed 183 forensic analysts to examine what they consider relevant versus irrelevant in their forensic analyses. Results revealed that analysts generally do not regard information regarding the suspect or victim as essential to their analytic tasks. However, there was significant variability among analysts within and between disciplines. Findings suggest that forensic science disciplines need to agree on what they regard as task-relevant before context management procedures can be properly implemented. The lack of consensus about what is relevant information not only leaves room for biasing information, but also reveals foundational gaps in what analysts consider crucial in forensic decision making.     

简析《雅各布的房间》的人物塑造(英文)

Jacob’s Room is a forerunner of Virginia Woolf’s stream-of-consciousness novels.The characterization of the novel is different from the traditional clear-cut presentation.By analyzing some incidents in the novel,this paper is to illustrate Woolf’s understanding of the impediments in truthful and realistic characterization.     

Leonard Woolf,the League of Nations and Peace Between the Wars

Co‐founding The Political Quarterly was one among many of Leonard Woolf's achievements during a long career as a progressive political thinker and publicist, particularly in the field of international affairs. To mark the centenary of the publication of International Government, his most innovative and influential work on the subject, this article seeks to assess Woolf's contribution. It examines the Fabian background to Woolf's work, his support for and approach to the League of Nations and his commitment to collective security as an approach to peace. Through a broader understanding of the League it argues that certain failings in the area of collective security, however profound, should not be permitted to blight an otherwise impressive intellectual legacy.     

论伍尔夫女性主义的历史意义

在女性主义思想的发展历程中,伍尔夫是一个标志性的人物.其女性主义思想的历史功绩,集中体现在三个方面:首先,她是一个自觉的女性主义者,她从理论和创作实践、批判和构建两个方面系统地表达了自己的女性主义思想;其次,她对女性自身的欲望诉求从纯粹的物质层面延伸到精神层面,更注重女性自身的精神建设;第三,她对男女关系的梳理也从片面强调两者的对立和差异,拓展到强调两性的和谐和双性的共存.     

Virginia Stephen at the Dr Williams’s Library

This article considers the implications of Virginia Stephen’s membership of the foremost library of Protestant nonconformity in London—the Dr Williams’s Library. Drawing on research in the library’s archives, the author focuses on the original record of Stephen’s membership in the 1905 ‘Index of Readers’. While paying close attention to the semantic specificities of the record itself, this article also positions Stephen’s individual record in the wider context of the community of readers this index documents. The article explores the degree to which Stephen’s encounter with the predominantly female and scholarly, but also distinctly lower-middle-class and professional readership of the Dr Williams’s Library may have influenced the concerns of her 1909 short story ‘Memoirs of a Novelist’ and her first novel, The Voyage Out.     

意识流小说与伍尔夫的《达罗威夫人》

意识流小说是20世纪初叶在西方兴起的一种采用与传统的写法不同的创作方法写成的小说.意识流小说既没有统一的规格,也没有公认的定义.英国女作家弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫在其代表作<达罗威夫人>中尝试了意识流的各种技巧,她熟练灵活地运用视角转换和间接内心独白手法,描绘了一个平庸无知的小妇人一天中十几个小时的生活,向我们展示了一个时代的精神风貌,表现了人类真正的生存状态.     

Apostolic Minds and the Spinning House: Jane Ellen Harrison and Virginia Woolf's Discourse of Alterity

Jane Ellen Harrison (1850–1928) and Virginia Woolf (1882–1941) are two of the most iconic figures in British feminist history whose enduring influence have helped create and sustain a multitude of feminist discourses. Interestingly, both produced their landmark feminist studies in Cambridge when it was, arguably, the most aggressively anti-feminist institution in Britain at that time. Evidence of the kind of institutionalized disciplinary control Cambridge historically exercised on women can be found in the three Committals books (1823–1894) of the Spinning House (1631–1894) in the University archives. So called because the inmates were given wool to spin, the Spinning House was a penitentiary for young girls who were judged to be compromising the morals of the undergraduates. The Spinning House had its basis in the legal authority of the University which declared ‘That the University by virtue of their Charter sanctioned by Act of Parliament, have an undoubted right to cause the Public Street to be inspected, and loose and disorderly women to be taken up and sent to the Spinning House or the house of correction’. Against the background of the culture encapsulated by the Spinning House, women academics, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, were making tremendous efforts to bring about intellectual equality. And though the two—the spinner and the woman student—occupied mutually exclusive spaces, they were nevertheless held on the margins of the power structure that produced both. This paper examines the socio-historical context and the puritan intellectual politics of Cambridge against which feminist theories of Harrison and Woolf were produced to identify some of the methods with which they negotiated masculine orthodoxy and structured their feminist discourse of alterity.     

The Right to Appeal and Workable Systems of Justice

This article explores the practicalities of a right to appeal. Appeals and appeal systems are usually conceived of in terms of a top–down hierarchy, with appeals functioning as an instrument for superior bodies to correct the decisions of and otherwise to control inferior ones. A fuller appreciation of systems of appeal places at least equal weight on the need for appeal bodies to establish stable, workable relationships with the bodies which they supervise. The need for any appeal system to sustain a workable system of justice refocuses attention from hierarchical control to problems of deference by the superior bodies towards the inferior ones. This way of looking at appeals has the potential to illuminate many recent developments, and can be illustrated by describing recent reforms and reform proposals to both civil and criminal justice.     

迷雾中的灯塔

弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫不仅是欧美意识流小说的代表作家,也是著名的女性主义理论家,其理论主张毫无疑问会在她的作品中有所体现.<到灯塔去>中的女画家莉丽·布里斯科便是伍尔夫女性思想的代言人,我们从她艰难的心路历程中可参透伍尔夫的理想追求和坚定信念.     

Barack Obama and the South: demography as electoral opportunity

ABSTRACT

Barack Obama was more successful in the South in the 2008 election than many previous Democratic presidential nominees had been. While John McCain continued Republican dominance in the conservative region, it was a major breakthrough for a northern liberal Democrat, especially an African American from Illinois, to win three southern states and secure 55 electoral votes. Florida, North Carolina and Virginia were good opportunities for Obama because, demographically, they had come to resemble other large states outside the South. In these ‘converging’ southern states, the Latino and Asian communities had grown substantially. The percentage of college-educated Whites had increased and there had been large-scale migration from other regions of the country. The states that Obama won in the South were not as ‘southern’ as they once were. In some southern states, those called the ‘neo-Confederate South’ in this article, white support for Obama was less than John Kerry had received in 2004. This decline in white voting for the Democratic presidential nominee occurred despite the difficult economic times that enveloped the country in the months preceding the election, and the general unpopularity of the incumbent Republican administration headed by George W. Bush. Some of these states, like Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana and Mississippi, had been among the most intransigent states in resisting the claims of the civil rights movement for social and political equality for African Americans in the 1950s and 1960s. In the future it may be more accurate to speak of more than one South, rather than refer to the region as an undifferentiated whole.