多层螺旋CT检查在尸体颈椎损伤中的应用

对需要在尸体检验时进行颈椎多层螺旋CT(MSCT)检查的情形进行讨论,研究利用MSCT对疑有颈椎损伤的尸体进行颈椎检查的方法,并对一例疑似颈椎损伤尸体的颈椎提取后进行MSCT检查。发现对疑似有颈椎骨折尸体提取颈椎进行MSCT检查,可以快速精确地显示颈椎的细微骨折及骨折的空间分布,从而推断致伤方式。解决了传统尸检中费时费力,容易漏诊和误诊的问题。     

根据颈椎CT片特征指标进行同一认定的研究

目的选择颈椎CT片上的特征指标,建立逐步回归方程,探讨其在法医学同一认定中的应用价值。方法收集130名被检查者颈椎CT片各1张,70名被检查者不同次颈椎CT影像片各2张。选择并测量颈椎CT片上的13项指标值,分别计算被检查者随机分组后相同测量指标的组间差值,以及同一人不同次测量指标间的差值,运用二分类logistic逐步回归分析,建立各项指标的一元回归方程和多项指标的多元回归方程,并对方程进行盲测检验。结果建立的13个一元方程中同一认定的准确率在69.0%~90.4%之间;建立的4个多元回归方程的准确率在90.4%~96.7%之间,盲测准确率为100%。结论本文在CT片上选择的13项特征指标可以用于同一认定,使用时应尽可能选用多元指标以得到更准确的结果。     

The configuration of cervical spinous processes in black and white South African skeletal samples

The present study investigates the frequency of bifidity/nonbifidity in the black and white South African populations. Four-hundred skeletons of known race, sex, and tribal group were examined. Spinous processes were classified as bifid (bifurcate and cleft subtypes) and nonbifid (obtuse, pediculate, acinate, and clavate subtypes). Statistical analysis using the chi-squared probability test (p < 0.05) was carried out. Bifid spinous processes were present significantly more frequently in the white sample (58.9%) than in the black (31.6%). A bifid spinous process occurred most commonly in C2 (89%) followed by C5 (83%), C4 (79%), C3 (59.4%), and C6 (41.7%) in the white sample. A similar order of decrease in bifidity occurred in the black sample. C2 most commonly displayed the bifurcate subtype of spinous process, while the clavate subtype of nonbifid spinous process was the most common in both populations. The significantly higher frequency of bifidity in the white South African sample when compared to the black sample may suggest a population difference.     

Pathologic evaluation of the cervical spine following surgical and chiropractic interventions

When patients die after chiropractic or surgical interventions of the cervical spine, pathologists tasked with the autopsy are frequently overwhelmed by the complicated anatomy, laborious dissections, complex operative procedures and surgical hardware, and the necessity to differentiate artifacts from trauma and disease. However, abundant data can be obtained from careful evaluation of the cervical spine in situ; extensive postmortem diagnostic imaging procedures; detailed dissections of the removed, formalin-fixed and decalcified spine; and histology. This study presents a regimented, stepwise approach to the evaluation of the cervical spine in these difficult cases, promotes uniform assessment, facilitates diagnoses, and supports the accumulation of otherwise hard-to-come-by reference material that can be of value in future cases. The resultant detailed autopsy findings may prove useful in the medico-legal death investigation process. Autopsy findings may also be of great value to health care providers involved in quality assurance processes.     

A proposed dissection procedure for vertebral arteries in forensic pathology

Vertebral artery removing constitutes a significant forensic pathology challenge. Dissection techniques during head-neck autopsy are based on anterior approach, a difficult method, which is unable to assess the transverse part of the artery. This work presents an original and simple method for dissecting vertebral arteries by a posterior approach, opening the vertebroarterial canal through the spinal canal without any special equipment. Once the spinal cord is removed, the transversarium foramens are opened by an internal cut at the pedicle and an external cut at the transverse process. This enables us to visualize vertebral arteries in its entirety. The method improves both the examination of the upper extracranial segment of the vertebral artery and the neuropathological study when arterial injury is suspected. Applying this method routinely is both feasible and useful in suspected cases of vertebral artery trauma and could contribute to assess more precisely the actual incidence of this injury.     

温针灸合中药辨证治疗椎动脉型颈椎病30例

目的 探讨温针灸治疗椎动脉型颈椎病（cervical spondylosis of vertebral artery type,CSA）的临床疗效。方法 运用前瞻性随机对照试验,将60例CSA患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组各30例,治疗组采用温针灸配合中药辨证治疗,对照组采用普通针刺配合中药辨证治疗。2个疗程后,观察两组临床疗效、中医证候评分、以及颈性眩晕症状与功能评分。结果 治疗组临床疗效显著优于对照组（P<0.05）,治愈率显著高于对照组（P<0.05）;治疗后两组中医证候评分显著升高（P＜0.01）,且治疗组显著高于对照组（P＜0.01）。与治疗前比较,治疗后两组颈性眩晕症状和功能评分均显著升高（P＜0.05,或P＜0.01）,且治疗组颈性眩晕症状和功能评分及其治疗前后差值显著高于对照组（P<0.01）。治疗后治疗组眩晕、旋颈试验、日常生活及工作评分显著高于对照组（P＜0.05,或P＜0.01）。结论 温针灸对CSA具有较好的疗效,在改善中医证候、提高日常生活及工作能力方面明显优于普通针刺。     

Amussat’s Sign in Hanging—A Prospective Autopsy Study

Abstract: Amussat’s sign is typically a transverse laceration of the intimal layer of carotid arteries described in cases of hanging. Subtotal laceration of the carotid artery is not strictly specific for hanging and can be also caused by blunt neck trauma, extreme overstretching, or whiplash‐injuries. In a prospective autopsy study of 178 cases of hanging, Amussat’s sign was found in 29 cases (a relative frequency of 16.1%). A statistically significant association between the occurrence of tears in the intimal layer of carotid arteries and the victims’ age was discovered in the cases studied (the frequency increased with age; p < 0.05). The occurrence of Amussat’s sign was independent of gender, weight, completeness of the victim’s body suspension, and position of the ligature knot on the neck. The study demonstrates the fact that the most probable cause of Amussat’s sign is a combination of direct compression of the artery by the rope and indirect stretching because of the gravitational drag produced by the weight of the body.     

Contributions from Forensic Imaging to the Investigation of Upper Cervical Fractures

Abstract: Injuries to the upper cervical spine (UCS) are common in traumatic deaths and postmortem computed tomography (PMCT) may contribute to the forensic investigation. This study presents PMCT in comparison with autopsy in the examination of UCS injury. Thirteen consecutive cases with UCS fracture and/or cranio‐cervical dislocation were examined with PMCT and autopsy, and the findings were correlated. Neither of the techniques identified all UCS injuries. Fractures of atlas and axis were best visualized with PMCT whereas cranio‐cervical dislocation was better identified during autopsy. Serious injuries were present after both high‐ and low‐energy trauma. Medico‐legal autopsy in combination with PMCT produced a thorough evaluation of UCS injuries. By combining these procedures detailed investigations, including accident reconstruction and injury pattern analysis, can be performed. This study supports the routine application of PMCT, as a supplement to the medico‐legal autopsy of deaths with UCS injuries.     

针刺三重穴加放血疗法治疗后循环缺血性眩晕临床观察

目的 观察针刺三重穴加放血疗法治疗后循环缺血性眩晕的临床疗效。方法 将40例后循环缺血性眩晕患者随机分为治疗组（20例）和对照组（20例）,治疗组采用针刺三重穴加放血疗法治疗,对照组采用颈项针治疗,两组均连续治疗3周,观察眩晕改善情况、眩晕障碍量表评分及椎-基底动脉血流动力学指标的变化情况。结果 治疗组临床疗效有优于对照组的趋势,但疗效分布比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。两组患者治疗后眩晕障碍量表评分较治疗前均显著降低（P<0.05）,治疗组治疗前后各项评分降低程度较对照组更为明显（P<0.05）。两组患者治疗后椎-基底动脉血流动力学指标与治疗前比较,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）,两组患者治疗前后各项指标差值比较,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 针刺三重穴加放血疗法能显著改善后循环缺血性眩晕患者的临床症状,减轻眩晕障碍对日常生活的影响,改善椎-基底动脉血流动力学状态。     

益气活血方对脊髓型颈椎病患者术后脊髓功能的影响

目的 观察自拟益气活血方对脊髓型颈椎病(cervical spondylotic myelopathy,CSM)术后脊髓功能状态的影响。方法 将72例术后CSM患者分为中药组（43例）和对照组（29例）,对照组患者接受西医常规治疗及康复治疗,中药组患者加服益气活血方1个月。采用脊髓功能状态评定法(40分法)分别于术前及术后1、4、8、12、24周评定脊髓功能。结果 术后24周,中药组临床疗效显著优于对照组（P<0.05）;两组术后1、4、8、12、24周脊髓功能评分均较术前显著升高（P<0.01）;中药组术后4周与术前差值、术后24周与术前差值均显著大于对照组（P<0.05）。结论 在西医常规治疗及康复治疗的基础上,给予益气活血方内服,能有效改善CSM患者术后脊髓功能。