Parent-adolescent congruence on decision-making and its relation to adolescent adjustment

Much attention has been paid to the nature of parent-adolescent relationships, with a frequent conclusion being that it is a time of marked disagreement between parents and their adolescents. However, other literature suggests that this time is not inherently conflictual. The purpose of this study was to examine agreement and disagreement between mothers, fathers, and adolescents on specific issues. Then, adolescent adjustment was assessed, and the degree to which it was a function of congruence with parents was examined. A modified version of the Issues Checklist was used to measure intrafamily agreement; the Revised Behavior Problem Checklist and the Harter Scale of Child's Actual Competence were completed by adolescents' social studies teachers to assess adolescent functioning. Relative to their parents, adolescents reported that they should make more decisions alone, while both mothers and fathers reported that decisions should be made jointly among all family members. Only father-adolescent congruence was found consistently to be related to adolescent functioning. Possible explanations for the present results and relevant issues pertaining to family agreement are discussed.     

司法鉴定意见纠错机制及制度探讨——以面向社会服务的鉴定机构和鉴定人为视野

司法鉴定意见是鉴定人进行科技实践的产物,因而出现错误鉴定意见是不可能完全避免的。在法定的重新鉴定之外,由原司法鉴定人在程序规定的范围内通过＂复核鉴定＂自我纠正司法鉴定意见的错误不失为一种有效的对策。基于此,以面向社会服务的司法鉴定机构和鉴定人为研究的视野,以复核鉴定为基本形式,探讨司法鉴定意见纠错的机制并创设相应的制度,将有利于诉讼和司法鉴定。     

电子通信错误对合同效力的影响

电子交易中往往会产生一些错误,这类错误与自动电文系统密切相关,主要包括两类：人为错误和信息系统产生的差错。对于电子通信中的人为错误问题,我国应参照美国、欧盟等立法,尤其是借鉴UECIC的规定,做出专门规定,自然人在与自动电文系统交易的过程中,允许发生错误的当事人在自动电文系统未向其提供更正错误的机会时撤回电子通信中发生错误的部分。由于问题的复杂性,电子商务的国内和国际立法都没有就信息系统本身出错的后果做出规定,宜由国内法院根据实际情况而提供不同的答案。     

Freedom in paradise: quality of conditional release reports submitted to the Hawaii judiciary

Annually thousands of insanity acquitees are released from mental hospitals when they are no longer determined to be dangerous. This research examined quality of post-acquittal Conditional Release (CR) reports submitted to the Hawaii Judiciary. Hawaii utilizes a “three panel” system for assessing trial felony competency, criminal responsibility, and conditional release, where typically two psychologists (one Department of Health and one community-based) and one community-based psychiatrist submit independent reports to the Court. One hundred fifty CR reports were rated using a 44-item report quality measure. Interrater reliability trials indicated good to excellent agreement between quality ratings. Overall level of report quality was poor regardless of examiners' professional discipline, employer, or board certification status. Concordance rates for CR opinions were poor. Level of agreement between the judicial determination and majority recommendations was also poor. Reasons for the poor quality and level of agreement are discussed with recommendations for report quality improvement, including standardization of procedures and use of forensic risk assessment instruments.     

论政府决策失误责任追究制

自改革开放以来,我国中央政府就一直强调要实现决策科学化与民主化。经过20多年来的努力,中央已基本实现由传统经验模式向现代科学模式的转变。但在地方各级政府决策中,失误的现象却屡禁不止,给国家和社会造成了巨大损失。造成这种现象的原因在于我国未能建立有效的决策失误责任追究制。     

民法动机错误论考——从类型论到要件论之嬗变

严格区分动机错误与表示错误、原则上将动机排斥于法律评价之外,唯有表示于外的动机始受保护的传统的“类型论”观点日益露出其破绽,将动机错误与表示错误一元化并构造统一法律要件的“要件论”思想渐次成为今日“错误论”之主流,而统一的“错误要件”如何最大限度地保持合理性,仍在继续的探索与求证之中。     

A Re-examination of the Effects of Biased Lineup Instructions in Eyewitness Identification

A meta-analytic review of research comparing biased and unbiased instructions in eyewitness identification experiments showed an asymmetry; specifically, that biased instructions led to a large and consistent decrease in accuracy in target-absent lineups, but produced inconsistent results for target-present lineups, with an average effect size near zero (Steblay, 1997). The results for target-present lineups are surprising, and are inconsistent with statistical decision theories (i.e., Green & Swets, 1966). A re-examination of the relevant studies and the meta-analysis of those studies shows clear evidence that correct identification rates do increase with biased lineup instructions, and that biased witnesses make correct identifications at a rate considerably above chance. Implications for theory, as well as police procedure and policy, are discussed.