Resurgent religious terrorism: A study of some of the Lebanese Shi'a contemporary terrorism

Abstract

This study introduces the concept of geocultural immobility. A minority's geocultural immobility is identified as an imposed low geographic mobility within a nation with low cultural pluralism. It establishes the Lebanese Shi'a geocultural immobility, to which it attributes their religious resurgence. This Lebanese Shi'a religious resurgence is proven in this research to produce the zealots needed by religious terrorist organizations. This study also introduces and defines religious terrorism as violent acts performed by elements of religious organizations or sects, growing out of a commitment to communicate a divine message. It makes distinctions among religious terrorism, secular terrorism, and fighters for religious freedom, which are based on the actors' motives, affinities, and consciousness of the maliciousness of their acts. The primary and secondary data and the quasiexperiment in this research support its special hypotheses. They indicate a statistical correlation between eight Lebanese Shi ‘a cultural and religious attributes.     

An Analysis of the Effects of Subjective and Objective Instruction Forms on Mock-Juries' Murder/Manslaughter Distinctions

Defendants' emotions at the time of their crimes may potentially serve as mitigating circumstances in murder/manslaughter cases. The present study examined whether differences between two forms of instructions given juries in such cases affected mock-juries' murder/manslaughter distinctions. Jurors' reasons for their verdicts and definitions of murder and manslaughter were also compared. In addition, three factors found to be predictive of murder/manslaughter distinctions in previous research were evaluated. It was found that, though instruction forms affected jurors' stated reasons for their verdicts and their definitions of murder and manslaughter, they did not significantly affect murder/manslaughter distinctions. Defendants were most likely to be convicted of murder if they had a history of violence with the victim and dwelt upon their emotions. We suggest jurors likely construe instructions given them to fit their a priori understandings of murder, manslaughter, and the potentially mitigating role of defendants' emotions.     

试论理气相分对程颐的性二元论的影响

程颢的“理气”关系是一体性的,这种理气一体性决定了他将“理一气”结构分为四个层次;程颐则肃清了其兄所体贴出的“天理”中的恶的因素(虽然此恶非指理本身),从本质上斩断了“理”为“气”之恶负责的情形。“性”来自“天理”,气质之性来于气禀,而“理”与“气”的完善关系在程颐这里尚没有建立起来。这样,理气相分.程颐的天命之性和气质之性便较少联系,因为它们分别属于“理”与“气”,从而成就了他的理气相分的性二元论     

两种辞格的比较:比喻和象征

比喻和象征是使用频率很高的两种辞格,但人们常常难予明辨.本文从含义、结构、作用、语境等不同的视角,对二者的区别特征进行比照,以期求得对容易混淆的两种辞格的确切认识.     

意识形态领域中应划清“三个界限”

加强党的意识形态工作和思想政治工作,引导党员、干部增强政治敏锐性和政治鉴别力,筑牢思想防线,必须坚决抵制各种反马克思主义的错误思潮,自觉划清马克思主义同反马克思主义的界限,划清社会主义同民主社会主义的界限,划清中国特色社会主义民主同资本主义民主的界限,不断提高全党的政治理论素质,坚持马克思主义在意识形态领域中的指导地位。     

政治观与世界观关系之新思考

探究政治观与世界观的关系问题,对我们更好地掌握科学的世界观,并以其来指导我们的政治生活有着重大的意义。因此,应由概念入手,从政治观与世界观的区别及其相互联系方面,探讨两者的关系问题。