移动电话使用与道路交通事故的关系

随着移动通讯事业的迅速发展,开车使用移动电话的人越来越多,与移动电话相关的交通事故也随之增加。本文总结了移动电话对驾驶者的影响和与移动电话相关的交通事故发生的危险因素,并阐述了目前降低与移动电话相关的交通事故发生采取的措施并提出预防相关交通事故发生的对策。     

谈新训汽车驾驶员驾驶技能的形成规律

汽车驾驶教员的教学工作,必须按照教育规律,遵循教学原则,掌握学员心理,运用先进、科学的教学方法,才能培养出合格的汽车驾驶员。汽车驾驶教员必须懂得教育心理学的基本知识,并应用在汽车驾驶培训教学中。     

谈驾驶员有效预防汽车火灾

文章针对当前汽车火灾多发的形势,比较系统地分析了造成汽车火灾发生的原因和汽车火灾的特点,有针对性地提出了预防汽车火灾的具体措施、汽车火灾的扑救措施及逃生方法,旨在加强汽车行业的消防安全管理,预防汽车火灾事故的发生,确保行车安全。     

心理测试技术应用于交通事故驾驶人认定的思考

心理测试技术是一项通过测试人内心的心理痕迹,来探测人对某件事的感知和记忆的技术。目前在交通事故驾驶人认定中应用很少,本文拟通过研究心理测试技术在认定驾驶人身份中的应用,阐明该技术对于认定驾驶人身份的独特作用,以及应用该技术的前提条件、操作的步骤和要求等,为侦破疑难交通事故案件提供了一种有效的辅助手段。     

Current state and progress of research on forensic biomechanics in China

Forensic biomechanics gradually has become a significant component of forensic science. Forensic biomechanics is evidence-based science that applies biomechanical principles and methods to forensic practice, which has constituted one of the most potential research areas. In this review, we introduce how finite element techniques can be used to simulate forensic cases, how injury criteria and injury scales can be used to describe injury severity, and how tests of postmortem human subjects and dummy can be used to provide essential validation data. This review also describes research progress and new applications of forensic biomechanics in China.

Key points

• The review shows the main research progress and new applications of forensic biomechanics in China.
• The review introduces eight cases about the application of forensic biomechanics, including the multiple rigid body reconstruction, the finite element applications, study of mechanical properties, traffic crash reconstruction based on multiple techniques and analysis of morphomechanical mechanism about blood dispersal.
• Though forensic biomechanics has a great advantage for the evaluation of injury mechanisms, it still has some uncertainties owing to the uniqueness of the human anatomy, the complexity of biological materials, and the uncertainty of injury-causing circumstances.

     

Methamphetamine and alcohol detection in vehicle-driver fatalities in South Australia: A 10-year survey (2008–2018)

Motor vehicle driver fatalities (≥18 years) from the files at Forensic Science South Australia were reviewed from January 2008 to December 2018 for cases in which either positive blood sample for methamphetamine (MA) or an illegal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) >0.05g/100 ml were found. Three hundred driver deaths were found with MA detected in 28 cases (age range 21–62 years; ave. 37.8 years; M:F 23:5). Hundred and fifteen cases with a BAC > 0.05 g/100 ml were identified (age range 18–67 years; ave 35.7 years; M:F 95:20). No change was found in numbers of MA cases, although alcohol cases showed a significant decline (p < 0.001). Drunk driving-related fatal crashes tended to occur in the evening (5 p.m. to 11 p.m.), while MA-related fatal crashes had a longer peak extending from late evening until late morning (11 p.m. to 8 a.m.). This study has demonstrated that while roadside breath testing, legislative changes, and increased monitoring have resulted in reduced levels of drunk driving, similar safety countermeasures have had negligible effects on MA use in drivers. Continued monitoring of MA use by drivers will, therefore, be necessary to assess the possible effects, or not, of new countermeasures.     

谈汽车主动安全性的人机因素及事故回避

汽车驾驶员系统作为典型的人机系统,其安全性取决于人车的协调,尤其是能够防止事故发生的汽车主动安全性,更是受到人机因素的影响和制约。许多交通事故是由于人的行为能力达到极限所引起的,在开发汽车主动安全技术时,应首先掌握人车系统的特点,特别是人的生理、心理极限和行为特征,才能开发出适合人的特性的安全装置,提高汽车的安全性。     

对未提交身体条件证明被注销驾驶证的若干思考

现实生活出现了大量因未提交身体条件证明被交管部门＂悄悄＂注销驾驶证的现象。一方面是,被注销人对未提交身体条件证明被注销驾驶证的法律后果和消极影响没有清晰、明确的认识;另一方面反映现行驾驶证管理注销制度存在明显的疏漏和不足。注销驾证行为的法律属性和特征尚待厘清,单方面、批量、自动注销的行为明显不合法,且与行政许可之信赖保护原则相悖,故而应当尽快健全完善驾证管理中的注销制度。     

互联网约车社会车辆驾驶员的劳动权及其保护

互联网约车近年来在我国蓬勃发展,互联网约车驾驶员是这种新业态经济活动的重要主体。其中社会车辆驾驶员行使劳动权过程中,受困于法律规定的不完善,引发了自主择业权和平等就业权难以实现、休息休假权难以保障、劳动报酬难以取得、职业培训难以开展、职业保障权难以行使的问题。通过强化法律责任、规范法律措施、细化法律规则、严格考核制度、理性引导维权来保护社会车辆驾驶员的劳动权刻不容缓。     

交通事故机动车驾驶人鉴定特点研究

遵循系统科学的原则,将交通事故机动车驾驶人鉴定作为一个体系来研究。机动车驾驶人鉴定的对象虽然是人,但应充分考虑人与车、人与路以及人与整个事故现场之间的关系,既要研究驾驶人自身,也要研究其反映形象以及相关的事实和现象。通过对事故现场、车辆、衣着、人体等要素进行观察和分析,尤其是对各要素之间的关联性和动态性分析,提出了综合鉴定机动车驾驶人的方法。