论鉴定科学证据的科学基础——鉴定证据的标准、效力及适用

鉴定科学证据的运用无疑能提升刑事证明的有效性和可靠性,但是若被不当理解和运用则会造成对刑事司法公正性和实质真实发现的干扰。对鉴定科学证据,需要制定若干标准作为对其存在的知识基础的衡量指标。鉴定结论由于其知识基础的不同,其效力和可靠性也会有所差异。司法实践中,对科学鉴定证据的应用须设置一定的程序控制,以便对其进行把关和过滤。     

刑法“过滤式”教学法研究——寓能力培养于课堂之上

刑法“过滤式”教学法以基本知识讲授为基础、案例讨论为纽带、理论探讨为进路、专题讲座为深化,层层过滤,在满足公安院校职业教育特点的同时,循序渐进地提高学生的刑事执法实战能力。它不单纯是教师在讲课时运用的一种授课技巧,而是由多种方法组成的教学系统。其最大的特点是教师和学生共同营造了一个近乎公安刑事执法实战的教学环境。     

Evaluation of a Visualization Assay for Blood on Forensic Evidence

In forensics, bloodstains on dark fabrics might be invisible for the naked eye. Although several visualization, presumptive, and confirmatory blood tests have been developed, all have one or more disadvantages, especially on DNA analysis. We report here the use of a visualization assay that can visually detect blood drops up to 1/20 dilution. In this assay, the fabric is placed between two wet filter papers and covered by glass surfaces on both sides. Pressure is applied on the glass surfaces in which bloodstains transfer onto the filter papers through capillary forces. Detected stains can be tested with other more sensitive presumptive blood tests performed on the filter paper. Even more, DNA analysis can be performed on the transferred bloodstains. The presented visualization assay is easy to perform, extremely cheap, requires little hands on time, and does not affect bloodstain pattern analysis.     

Chelex-100法提取滤纸血痕DNA影响因素的比较

目的改进滤纸血痕DNA提取方法,建立更简便、廉价,适合当前DNA建库需要的提取方法。方法将752份滤纸血痕分成四组,分别按照四种不同的Chelex-100法进行DNA提取并进行比较研究;63份新鲜血痕分别按照两种方法提取并进行对比研究。结果对于陈旧滤纸血痕,四种提取方法的检测成功率无显著差异(P>0.05);对于新鲜血痕,两种提取方法的检测成功率有显著差异(P<0.05)。结论对于建库陈旧滤纸血痕样本的DNA提取可采用不加纯水处理,直接加入Chelex-100的方法进行。     

信息互动视角下“情感过滤”成因探析与对策研究

语言是一个负载信息的符号系统,交际是一个信息在交际者之间双向或多向的互动过程,信息的共享是交际活动的目的,信息的互动是交际活动的本质,语言的运用是交际的主要形式。“情感过滤”是一个人情感因素对语言习得和信息输入、输出产生的影响。学习动机、语言焦虑、语言态度、自我意象、自信心和移情等是造成“情感过滤”的主要因素,关注交际意义而非形式、关注交际情境、实现可理解性信息输入是降低“情感过滤”的有效策略。     

The development of a filter model for prioritising suspects in burglary offences

Abstract

This paper discusses the development of a filter model for prioritizing possible links in dwelling burglary. The filters utilize the central aspects of crime scene information that is available and accessible to investigators in burglary, namely geo-spatial, temporal, behavioural, and dwelling information. The proposed filters were analysed using a sample of 215 dwelling burglaries committed by 43 serial burglars (i.e. 5 offences each) in order to determine the sequence in which the filters should be considered in prioritizing possible linked offences. The results indicated that the following order (i.e. better performance to worse performance) was most effective at linking offences, utilizing: (1) geo-spatial information, (2) temporal aspects, (3) behavioural information and, lastly, (4) dwelling characteristics. Specifically, the results indicated that offences in close proximity to one another should be given priority. Further, any offence occurring within a 28-day span before or after the index offence should be given priority. The paper argues that behavioural and dwelling characteristics are less effective for linking than geo-spatial and temporal information because the former two aspects are influenced significantly by situational and contextual cues on offender decision-making.     

基于YouTube的视频源鉴别

在一定条件下,传感器的光电响应非均匀(PRNU)特性能够作为拍摄器材的特异性指标,用于视频图像的来源鉴别.本文利用Luká(s)等[1]定义的小波滤波器提取经过AVC方式重新编码的视频文件中的光电响应非均匀特性模式,研究调节分辨率和编码参数对拍摄器材的光电响应非均匀性模式的影响,发现部分经过重新编码的视频仍能够通过光电响应非均匀特性进行拍摄器材的鉴别.     

Detection of pretreated fingerprint fluorescence using an LED-based excitation system

Abstract:  Optimization of a light emitting diode (LED)-based excitation system for the detection of pretreated fingerprint fluorescence is described. Fluorescent ridges can usually be excited by irradiation with forensic light sources such as xenon arc lamps or quartz-halogen lamps with high-power output and suitable filters. However, they are too expensive for many crime laboratories in smaller organizations. We concentrated on LEDs which have advantages over conventional light sources in that they are simpler and of lower cost, but the power output and quality of each individual LED unit is not sufficient for the detection of weak fluorescent ridges. To resolve this subject, blue and green LED arrays composed of ninety LED units were adopted and suitable low pass filters for them were designed. An experimental system, consisting of blue and green LED arrays with the suitable low pass filters for illumination, high pass filters for viewing, a digital camera and a computer, was tested. The fluorescent images of cyanoacrylate ester fumed/rhodamine 6G stained fingerprint on white polyethylene sheet and weak fluorescent ridges of ninhydrin/indium chloride treated fingerprint on white paper were successfully detected and photographed. It was shown that the improvement of LED beam in intensity and quality can compensate the disadvantages, resulting in well-contrasted images.     

颜色的文化蕴含

人们辨别颜色的视觉器官可以根据颜色的色彩、亮度和浓度把不同的颜色区分开来。实际生活经验的积累决定了颜色词汇的命名。不同文化背景的人有不同的颜色基本词 ;对同一颜色的反应和联想也不尽相同。颜色因特定文化环境文化习俗而具有特定的文化象征意义     

克拉申二语习得理论对高职高专英语听力课堂教学的启示

输入假说和情感过滤假说是克拉申二语习得理论的主要核心内容,这一假说认为大量的可理解性输入是学习外语的重要条件。依据克拉申的这一理论,教师要根据高职高专英语学习者的特点,注重英语听力材料选择的科学性,改革不合适的英语听力课堂教学方法,以提高学生的听力水平。