检察机关加强对举报人保护的探析

近年来检察机关查处的职务犯罪案件中有60％的线索来源于群众举报,但是现行的举报人保护机制不健全,影响了检察机关查处案件的效率。采取有力措施,加强对证人、举报人的保护是检察机关有效查处职务犯罪案件的保证。笔者分析了近年来检察机关举报工作面临的新情况和保护举报人工作出现的新问题,并结合检察工作实际提出了切实可行的对策和建议。     

论美国的证人安全项目

在美国,证人安全项目已经成为打击有组织犯罪等严重犯罪的利器。通过了解证人安全项目的现状及运作情况,能够客观地评价该项目的重要意义及面临的问题,并且为我国提供积极的参考信息。     

The “Eloquence” of Robert J. Hawke: United States informer, 1973–79

In the 1970s, the leader of the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) and future Prime Minister of Australia, Robert J. “Bob” Hawke, was an informer of the United States of America. Using diplomatic cables from official archives, this article shows that Hawke gifted information about the Australian government, the Australian Labor Party and the labour movement, assisting the intelligence gathering efforts of the foreign power. In turn, the relationship influenced the development of Australian policy, including the abandonment of Keynesian economics and embrace of neoliberalism. His discreet relationship — discussed in detail for the first time — was not unusual among elites in the post-war period. However, Hawke was especially entrenched in the practise. This article will also show, through historiography and memoir, that the act of informing by elites began in the 1940s, as the United States was becoming Australia’s key strategic ally.     

从商业贿赂谈我国举报制度的完善——有效打击商业贿赂的必由之路

随着市场经济的发展，商业贿赂问题日益猖獗，严重影响到我国的经济秩序和社会稳定，严厉打击商业贿赂已成为社会共识。商业贿赂的“发现难”决定了打击商业贿赂必须重视举报制度，而我国目前的举报制度却存在诸多问题。因此，对我国的举报制度的进一步完善就显得十分必要。     

法律视野中“线人”的制度缺失及其建构

在我国,法律视野中的"线人"已成为打击有组织犯罪、毒品犯罪的有力武器。在个别地区,"线人"的人数甚至要多于侦查机关的工作人员,而且还出现了"专职耳目"和"职业线人"。但由于"线人"制度的缺失,我国目前"线人"的使用存在严重的失范现象,"线人"侦查中也暴露出许多亟待解决的法律难题。总结我国"线人"的实践经验,借鉴国外相关立法,建立具有中国特色的"线人"制度已迫在眉睫。     

诱惑侦查的程序控制

为应对日益严峻的隐形化犯罪的挑战,在过去二三十年间的侦查实践中,诱惑侦查得到了更多的应用.尽管2012年修改刑事诉讼法过程中,通过新增第151条的规定试图提升此类侦查手段的法治化程度,但由于法律规定的宽泛与模糊、司法处断原则的失当与片面,诱惑侦查适用过程中凸显出执法无序与司法失范的弊端.解决问题的出路是,在法律解释论层面,应当对合法性判断标准、适用对象、程序控制机制与违法制裁后果予以明确;在司法裁断方面,应当跳出"犯意引诱"与"机会提供"二分法的窠臼,基于我国特有的侦查权规制现状,采用控权最为严格的分离式混合模式,即无论是违反诱发他人产生犯意的主观标准,还是僭越客观标准,即侦查人员使用了过度且令普通人难以抵御的诱惑手法,均属违法.     

Commentaries on the issue

Abstract

The use of informers is morally problematic for police institutions, for investigation managers, and for those individuals either who act as informers or who have daily responsibility for handling informers. This paper examines the moral issues concerning informers at each of these levels. Recourse to informers can be accommodated within Miller and Blackler's moral theory of policing. Within this context, criteria for the morally justifiable deployment of informers are proposed and supplemented with further proposed criteria for morally justifiable informer participation in crime. Morally justifiable recruitment of informers is also considered. Despite directly serving the purpose of policing, informers do not incur police professional obligations.     

线人的历史与侦查制度

自人类建立政府,国家就开始一定程度地依靠线人及其提供的情报信息维护社会秩序。文章回顾了古代文明时期、中世纪至启蒙时期线人的使用情况、19世纪专业线人的兴起以及20世纪专业线人的推广普及。文章就侦查中如何避免线人使用风险,提高线人使用效率,探讨了线人的档案管理制度、控制使用制度、监督检查制度、财务支付制度、业绩考评制度等。     

Nazism,Legal Positivism and Radbruch's Thesis on Statutory Injustice

The small article “Statutory Injustice and Suprastatutory Law” published in 1946 by Gustav Radbruch is one of the most important texts in 20th century legal philosophy. Until recently, its importance was said to stem from its renewal of ‘natural law’ and from its ‘formula’, according to which the value of justice should override that of legal certainty in extreme cases. In this contribution, a close examination will show that Radbruch's text is less univocal than often suggested. I argue that Radbruch deals here with the acute problems of apparent criminal legality during the Nazi-era rather than with problems of validity. In order to make this clear, I first briefly sketch Radbruch's personal history and the context into which the article fits. Secondly, I analyze the text itself and focus on how to understand the well-known grudge informer case. Finally, I pay some attention to the renewed topical interest of Radbruch's formula, owing to the fact that it was used in the trials against former-GDR soldiers who shot fugitives at the Berlin Wall,and their superiors. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

美国的线人招募和管理制度

线人对于刑事司法系统的正常运作具有非常重要的作用。在许多情况下，线人都是侦破重大犯罪的最佳甚至唯一的手段，不过与此同时，线人的使用也面临着诸多争议。为了有效地使用线人，执法人员必须了解线人的招募以及管理。