美国国家情报战略的特征与演变趋势

美国拥有世界上最庞大的情报部门。2005年,美国情报部门实现了自1947年以来最大规模的跨机构整合,设立国家情报局长办公室,每4年出台新的情报战略报告。这一整合反映了美国情报战略的特征及变化。美国情报战略的演变不仅是其情报系统自身的变革,也是美国国内政治变化的一个缩影,体现了美国对权力分散化、网络化的新认识及战略目标与理念的变化。剖析美国情报战略报告,有助于深层把握美国情报战略思维及未来走向。     

专精特新企业学术型高管与企业持续创新——企业激励机制与风险承担水平的双调节效应

在逆全球化情境下,推动中小企业专精特新发展,有助于我国突破“卡脖子”技术瓶颈。文章以国家级专精特新小巨人上市公司为研究对象,实证检验了学术型高管对专精特新小巨人企业持续创新的影响机制。研究发现,学术型高管能够促进专精特新小巨人企业持续创新;完善的企业激励机制、较高的企业风险承担水平会强化学术型高管对企业持续创新的正向作用;在区域知识产权保护强度较大、学术型高管担任关键职位时,学术型高管对企业持续创新的正向影响更为明显。研究结论丰富了企业家特质研究的情境机制,并对我国引导中小企业走“专精特新”发展道路,夯实制造业发展基础及推动经济高质量发展具有指导意义。     

虚开增值税专用发票犯罪的侦查与控制

虚开增值税专用发票犯罪的发生率不断上升,犯罪涉案金额越来越大,国家税收流失非常严重,呈现出严峻态势,必须加强对这类犯罪的侦查和控制。为此,要大力加强增值税专用发票的管理工作,加强公安机关与工商、税务等部门的协调合作;在侦查工作中,应及时调查相关企业的工商税务和银行资料并取证,及时发现犯罪嫌疑人和控制赃款赃物。     

试论以宪法为指导加强和改进公安执法活动

宪法是国家的根本大法。宪法修正案中关于“保护私有财产”、“保障人权”、“建立健全社会保障机制”、“保护非公有制经济发展”及“紧急状态”的内容,对公安机关执法活动提出了更高的要求。我们应转变观念,加强和改进公安执法活动     

Discovering the Dark Side of Power: The Principal’s Moral Hazard in Political-Bureaucratic Relations

Principal agent (PA) is among the most prominent concepts for analyzing the relationship between politics and bureaucracy. Nonethelesss, the inherent bias of PA scholars to attribute moral hazard almost exclusively to the agent, usually referred to as “bureaucratic drift”, requires re-examination. Building on the spare literature in which moral hazard of the principal is considered, this paper provides empirical evidence for a neglected aspect of the PA concept. Three cases of German regulatory agencies responsible for drug control, financial services and rail safety are analyzed in critical situations which were largely perceived as bureaucratic failures. The analysis reveals that a good deal of these failures, ranging from negligence to suppressing crucial information, has to be attributed to the political principal. This is called the dark side of power because the intention is to shift blame or to dodge political responsibility. Turning conventional PA reasoning upside down, the conclusion is that the principal’s moral hazard should be considered more routinely as a potential explanation for political-bureaucratic interactions.     

专家参与刑事司法的多元功能及其体系化

从1979年刑事诉讼法颁布至今,专家参与我国刑事司法的制度功能变得开放而多元。专家制度功能的多元化,根源于刑事司法的三重逻辑:弥合法律人与专家之间知识鸿沟的“认知逻辑”;落实公检法机关“分工负责,互相配合,互相制约”原则的“权力逻辑”;保障当事人合法权益与实现控辩平等的“权利逻辑”。从结构主义与整体主义的视角看,当前,刑事专家制度存在明显的体系化缺陷,主要表现为专家制度过度权力化、专家制度功能尚未结构化、专家制度不够规范化。改进刑事专家制度,应当采取体系化路径:首先,将多元专家参与模式调整为鉴定人与专家辅助人二元专家模式;其次,彰显专家制度的“权利逻辑”,矫正过度权力化倾向;最后,构建系统化的专家制度,为专家服务刑事司法创造制度条件。     

试论建立健全我国海外流失文物追索法律制度——从唐贞顺皇后陵墓被盗文物境外成功追回谈起

唐贞顺皇后陵墓被盗文物境外成功追回，得益于法律保障、专业技术和国际合作三个方面。但我国追索海外流失文物的工作仍很严峻。我国在海外流失文物追索过程中面临的主要法律困境包括证据资料搜集困难，缺乏适格诉讼主体，欠缺稳定的专业技术支持以及缺少专门追索机构。我国应借鉴国外先进经验制定《流失文物追索法》，对流失文物的性质、所有权归属以及追索原则等问题予以系统规定，并应成立专门的追索机构，从而有效解决追索过程中的法律依据、证据以及专业技术支持等问题。     

Administrative Innovations and Accountability Failures: The Termination of the Spanish Telecommunications Agency

We discuss how far accountability practices may be relevant to the success of independent regulators in countries without a tradition of administrative autonomy. We develop a conceptualisation of agency accountability failures and develop an analytical framework to examine the life and termination of the Spanish regulatory agency for telecommunications, CMT (Comisión del Mercado de las Telecomunicaciones - Telecommunications Market Commission). We argue that the CMT’s termination was related, among other reasons, to accountability failures in its institutional design. The paper relies on a variety of sources, including legislation, literature, media coverage, and semistructured interviews with agency officials and several stakeholders.     

Post-war Kosovo landscapes in Pristina: discrepancies between language policy and urban reality

This paper focuses on the complex nature of post-war multilingual landscapes in Pristina, the capital of Kosovo, as shaped by the country’s political shift after independence in 2008. We aim to contribute to this sociolinguistically underexplored territory through an examination of the relative predominance and visibility of the capital’s most dominant languages: Albanian, Serbian, and English. Our central aim is to empirically problematize the shared co-officialdom of the Albanian and Serb languages, as put forward in the “Ahtisaari Plan” in 2007 and subsequently adopted in the State Constitution in 2008 and Language Laws in 2006 and 2008. We posit that the multilingual language policies which paint an inclusive, multi-ethnic picture of Pristina do not coincide with its monolingual Albanian reality. In addition to these empirical findings, our second aim is to contribute to the theorization of authorship in the public sphere. With reference to the Pristina context, we problematize the analytical categorization conventionally made between top-down and bottom-up agency and distinguish a third category of semi-official authorship. This third category enables us to examine the dynamic nature of the discrepancy between Kosovo’s language policy and Pristina’s urban linguistic reality in more detail.     

The emergence of regulatory regionalism: transnational networks and the diffusion of regulatory agencies within regions

The regulatory regionalism approach has increasingly claimed that a new mode of regional governance is emerging globally. Regional policy regimes, developed in broad social and economic territorial areas, affect the internal transformation of the state. The authors plan to provide comprehensive empirical evidence about the emergence of worldwide regulatory regionalism by identifying how regulatory agencies have diffused very successfully within the regional level in recent decades. The paper aims to identify, using an original methodological design, the ways in which such diffusion of agencies occurred, as this may have theoretical relevance for the study of regulatory regionalism. The authors' hypothesis suggests that transnational political interactions in each regional cluster triggered agency diffusion, contributing to the development of the regulatory state within the countries of each region. To test this hypothesis, the authors employed a data set of regulatory agencies including the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), and most Asian and Latin American countries (+59) from 1950 to 2007, for 15 sectors related to finance, risks, utility and competition. Bayesian data analysis was used to estimate the parameters of interest.