中东欧和独联体转型国家国有农地制度研究述评

许多独联体和中东欧地区国家转型后对农地所有制进行了变革,但并不彻底,还有一定规模的国有农地被保留。相应成立的土地基金等国有农地管理机构,通过出租、出售等经济手段对国有农地进行管理,目的是形成规模合理的农业生产单位,解决农业所有制转型后存在的土地碎片化和生产单位二元结构等问题,提高农业效率,促进农户生产和现代农业发展有机衔接。一些国有农地管理机构还担负着农村公共服务职能。本文的研究表明,通过农地所有权、承包权和经营权“三权分置”,确保租约稳定,完善配套的法律制度和土地交易制度,优化市场环境,对于提高国有农地的使用效率和增强土地利用的可持续性至关重要。

Review of the State-owned Farmland Systems in Central and Eastern European and CIS Transition Countries

Many countries in the Commonwealth of Independent States and Central and Eastern Europe have changed their farmland ownership after the transformation,but the reform is not complete and some state-owned farmland has been retained.Land management agencies manage state-owned agricultural land through economic means including renting and selling,in order to form a reasonable-scale agricultural production unit,solve the problems of land fragmentation and dual structure of production units after the transformation of agricultural ownership,improve agricultural production efficiency,and promote the integration of farmer production and modern agricultural development.Some agencies also carry out rural public service functions.In terms of this paper,we argue that separating the farmland ownership,contracting rights and management rights, ensuring the stability of leases,improving the supporting legal system and land transaction system as well as optimizing the market environment could effectively improve the efficiency of state-owned farmland and enhance its sustainability.